Evaluation of the Waste Tire Resources Recovery Program and Environmental Health Policy in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Background
4. Method
4.1. Analytical Framework: Application of the Transactional Model
4.2. Data
5. Empirical Results
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Variable | Mean** | Standard Deviation** |
---|---|---|
Dependent Variables: | ||
▪ RES & BRO as health status:
Number of deaths caused by bronchitis and other respiratory diseases in persons per county/city per year by ICD9 classification number of basic tabulation 460–466 | 576.85 | 341.66 |
▪ RESPIRATORY as health status:
Number of deaths caused by respiratory related disease in persons per county/city per year by ICD9 classification number of basic tabulation 460–466 | 487.99 | 293.51 |
Independent Variables: | ||
▪ SUBSIDY:
The government subsidy to the environmental health policy for the resource recovery program in 10,000 Taiwan dollars per county/city per year* | 646.44 | 1159.14 |
▪ SUBSIDY2:
A quadratic term of the government subsidy* | 174.62E+4 | 581.02E+4 |
▪ Waste tires (STRESSOR):
Accumulated waste tires at tire recycling factories/sites based on collection of waste tires in tons per county/city per year | 202.01 | 362.23 |
▪ O3, t-1 (STRESSOR):
1-year-lag level of ozone pollutant concentration expressed in ppb in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 115.24 | 22.50 |
▪ O3, t-2 (STRESSOR):
2-year-lag level of ozone pollutant concentration expressed in ppb in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 114.34 | 22.41 |
▪ PM10, t-1 (STRESSOR):
1-year-lag level of respirable particle pollutant concentration expressed in μg/m3 in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 139.91 | 35.35 |
▪ PM10, t-2 (STRESSOR):
2-year-lag level of respirable particle pollutant concentration expressed in μg/m3 in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 143.05 | 36.57 |
▪ D. O3, t-1 (STRESSOR):
Interacting city dummy variable (D.CITY) with 1-year-lag level of ozone pollutant concentration expressed in ppb in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 55.06 | 61.01 |
▪ D. O3, t-2 (STRESSOR):
Interacting city dummy variable (D.CITY) with 2-year-lag level of ozone pollutant concentration expressed in ppb in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 54.31 | 60.27 |
▪ D. PM10, t-1 (STRESSOR):
Interacting city dummy variable (D.CITY) with 1-year-lag level of respirable particle pollutant concentration expressed in μg/m3 in 3-year moving average 8th highest by county/city | 65.18 | 73.65 |
▪ D. PM10, t-2 (STRESSOR):
Interacting city dummy variable (D.CITY) with 2-year-lag level of respirable particle pollutant concentration expressed in μg/m3 in 3-year moving average of the 8th highest by county/city | 66.89 | 75.66 |
▪ D. CITY:
A large city dummy variable, 1=if the population density is more than 1,000 per square km, otherwise 0. | 0.45 | 0.50 |
▪ TIME dummy 1999:
Year dummy variable, with a 1 assigned to the year of 1999 and a 0 to other year. Year of 1998 is excluded as an omitted year | 0.25 | 0.44 |
▪ TIME dummy 2000:
Year dummy variable, with a 1 assigned to the year of 2000 and a 0 to other year. Year of 1998 is excluded as an omitted year | 0.25 | 0.44 |
▪ TIME dummy 2001:
Year dummy variable, with a 1 assigned to the year of 2001 and a 0 to other year. Year of 1998 is excluded as an omitted year | 0.25 | 0.44 |
▪ POPULATION:
Population of county/city | 101.38E+4 | 799.00E+3 |
Independent Variable | RES & BRO | RESPIRATORY | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | t-statistics | Estimate | t-statistics | |
Constant | 3.592a | 5.733 | 3.272a | 5.159 |
SUBSIDY | –2.800E-04b | –2.353 | –0.306E-03b | –2.507 |
SUBSIDY2 | 4.401E-08b | 2.315 | 4.745E-08b | 2.465 |
Waste tires (STRESSOR) (ln) | 0.050c | 1.815 | 0.061b | 2.221 |
O3, t-1 (STRESSOR) (ln) | –0.316 | –0.520 | –0.360 | –0.586 |
O3, t-2 (STRESSOR) (ln) | –0.119 | –0.194 | –0.150 | –0.243 |
PM10, t-1 (STRESSOR) (ln) | 1.158c | 1.903 | 1.422b | 2.308 |
PM10, t-2 (STRESSOR) (ln) | –0.225 | –0.388 | –0.391 | –0.666 |
D. O3 t-1 (STRESSOR) | 0.034a | 2.939 | 0.034a | 2.856 |
D. O3, t-2 (STRESSOR) | 0.019c | 1.823 | 0.019c | 1.782 |
D. PM10, t-1 (STRESSOR) | –0.026b | –2.051 | –0.029b | –2.246 |
D. PM10, t-2 (STRESSOR) | 0.018 | 1.556 | 0.021c | 1.770 |
D. CITY | –5.796a | –5.023 | –5.687a | –4.868 |
TIME dummy 1999 | –0.112 | –1.051 | –0.127 | –1.178 |
TIME dummy 2000 | –0.141 | –1.276 | –0.143 | –1.282 |
TIME dummy 2001 | –0.128 | –1.021 | –0.158 | –1.249 |
Number of observations 88 | 88 | |||
Log-likelihood | –34.588 | –35.670 | ||
Multiple R | 0.857 | 0.852 | ||
R Square | 0.734 | 0.725 | ||
Adjusted R Square | 0.678 | 0.668 | ||
F statistics | 13.238a | 12.670a |
- Independent variables of (ln) denote the natural logarithm.
- Dependent variables, RES&BRO and RESPIRATORY, are the natural logarithm.
- Significance of t-statistics is indicated by the following: “a” at the 1% level, “b” at the 5% level, and “c” at the 10% level.
- TIME dummy 1998 is an omitted variable to evaluate the implementation of the new tire recycling regulation since 1999.
- Another regression included the variable of population density that was not statistically significant and showed similar results with lower F statistics. The results are available from the author on request.
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
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Chen, C.-C.; Yamada, T.; Chiu, I.-M.; Liu, Y.-K. Evaluation of the Waste Tire Resources Recovery Program and Environmental Health Policy in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1075-1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031075
Chen C-C, Yamada T, Chiu I-M, Liu Y-K. Evaluation of the Waste Tire Resources Recovery Program and Environmental Health Policy in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(3):1075-1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031075
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Chia-Ching, Tetsuji Yamada, I-Ming Chiu, and Yi-Kuen Liu. 2009. "Evaluation of the Waste Tire Resources Recovery Program and Environmental Health Policy in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 3: 1075-1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6031075