Impact of the New Malaysian Cigarette Pack Warnings on Smokers’ Awareness of Health Risks and Interest in Quitting Smoking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Design of Study
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Outcome Measures
2.3.1. Awareness of health risks
2.3.2. Response to warning labels
2.3.3. Interest in quitting
2.3.4. Statistical analyses
3. Results
3.1. Awareness of Health Risks
3.2. Response to Warning Labels
3.3. Interest in Quitting
3.4. Showing the Effect of the Pictorial Warning Labels (Intervention) Using Regression Analyses
4. Discussion
Acknowledgement
References
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Item | Frequency (%) | P value | |
---|---|---|---|
Control (N = 70) | Intervention (N = 70) | ||
Number of cigarettes smoked per day a | 0.798 * | ||
(0) ≤10 cigarettes | 30 (42.9) | 25 (36.2) | |
(1) 11–20 | 34 (48.6) | 38 (55.1) | |
(2) 21–30 | 4 (5.7) | 3 (4.3) | |
(3) >30 | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.3) | |
First cigarette how soon after waking b | 0.361* | ||
(0) After 60 minutes | 32 (45.7) | 27 (39.7) | |
(1) 30 to 60 minutes | 18 (25.7) | 13 (19.1) | |
(2) 6 to 30 minutes | 11 (15.7) | 12 (17.6) | |
(3) Within 5 minutes | 9 (12.9) | 16 (23.5) | |
Do you smoke more frequently during the first hours after waking c | 0.115* | ||
(0) No | 55 (78.6) | 46 (66.7) | |
(1) Yes | 15 (21.4) | 23 (33.3) | |
Which cigarette would you hate most to give up d | 0.176* | ||
(0) All | 41 (58.6) | 32 (47.1) | |
(1) First one in the morning | 29 (41.4) | 36 (52.9) | |
Do you smoke if you are so ill e | 0.532* | ||
(0) No | 57 (81.4) | 54 (77.1) | |
(1) Yes | 13 (18.6) | 16 (22.9) | |
Do you find it difficult to refrain from smoking f | 0.957* | ||
(0) No | 50 (71.4) | 49 (71.0) | |
(1) Yes | 20 (28.6) | 20 (29.0) | |
Average score (mean ± SD) on nicotine dependence a | 2.74 ± 2.14 | 3.46 ± 2.47 | 0.070** |
Nicotine dependence g □ | 0.410* | ||
Low nicotine dependence | 46 (65.7) | 38 (56.7) | |
Medium nicotine dependence | 15 (21.4) | 15 (22.4) | |
High nicotine dependence | 9 (12.9) | 14 (20.9) | |
Perceived addiction (how addicted to cigarette) h | 0.692* | ||
Not at all addicted | 16 (22.9) | 19 (27.1) | |
Somewhat addicted | 42 (60.0) | 40 (57.1) | |
Very addicted | 5 (7.1) | 7 (10.0) | |
Can’t say | 7 (10.0) | 4 (5.7) | |
About how many years have you been smoking i | 0.316* | ||
<1 year | 6 (8.6) | 2 (2.9) | |
1–5 years | 9 (12.9) | 14 (20.6) | |
6–10 years | 20 (28.6) | 22 (32.4) | |
>10 years | 35 (50.0) | 30 (44.1) | |
Have you ever tried to quit smoking l | 0.334* | ||
No | 8 (11.4) | 12 (17.1) | |
Yes | 62 (88.6) | 58 (82.9) | |
In the last month, have you stubbed out a cigarette before you finished it because you thought about the harm of smoking m | 0.158* | ||
No | 37 (52.9) | 44 (64.7) | |
Yes | 33 (47.1) | 24 (35.3) |
Scores on perceptions | Mean score (95% CI) | Mean (95% CI) | P-value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Control (N = 70) | Intervention (N = 70) | Difference* | ||
Knowledge at baseline (total scores) | 8.04 (7.28–8.80) | 7.47 (6.75–8.19) | −0.57 (−1.61–0.47) | 0.278 |
Knowledge after intervention (total scores) | 7.83 (7.09–8.57) | 9.28 (8.63–9.94) | 1.46 (0.48–2.44) | 0.004 |
The change in knowledge scores | −0.21 (−0.87–0.44) | 1.81 (1.05–2.58) | 2.03 (1.03–3.03) | <0.001 |
Smokers’ responses | Control (N = 70) | Intervention (N = 70) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Frequency (%) | After Frequency (%) | P Value * | Before Frequency (%) | After Frequency (%) | P value* | |
Reading or looking closely at labels a lot | 13 (18.6) | 4 (5.7) | 0.035 | 9 (13.0) | 12 (17.4) | 0.607 |
Think-harm | 8 (11.4) | 8 (11.4) | >0.999 | 8 (11.6) | 20 (29.0) | 0.004 |
Think-quit | 14 (20.0) | 17 (24.3) | 0.664 | 15 (21.7) | 27 (39.1) | 0.017 |
Foregoing smoking a cigarette | 22 (31.4) | 22 (31.4) | >0.999 | 17 (24.6) | 40 (58.0) | <0.001 |
Avoid looking at or thinking about the label | 14 (20.0) | 29 (41.4) | 0.003 | 6 (8.7) | 34 (49.3) | <0.001 |
Quit intention | ||||||
No interest | 22 (31.4) | 20 (28.6) | 0.242 | 25 (35.7) | 12 (17.1) | 0.003 |
Interested beyond 6 months | 29 (41.4) | 30 (42.9) | 30 (42.9) | 28 (40.0) | ||
Interested within 6 months | 7 (10.0) | 10 (14.3) | 6 (8.6) | 17 (24.3) | ||
Interested within the next month | 12 (17.1) | 10 (14.3) | 9 (12.9) | 13 (18.6) |
Covariates | Post-treatment knowledge B (95% CI )a | Post-treatment cognitive responses B (95% CI) a | Post-treatment interest in quitting OR (95% CI) b |
---|---|---|---|
Age (scale) | −0.03 (−0.07–0.01) NS | 0.01 (−0.01–0.02) NS | 1.04 (0.99–1.08) NS |
Race (categorical) | 0.15 (−1.01–1.31) NS | 0.11 (−0.20–0.41) NS | NS |
Score on nicotine addiction (scale) | −0.18 (−0.38–0.02) NS | −0.04 (−0.10–0.01) NS | 0.80 (0.64–1.00) NS |
Baseline knowledge score (scale) | 0.46 (0.30–0.61) *** | −0.02 (−0.06–0.012) NS | 1.07 (0.90–1.26) NS |
Baseline score on cognitive responses (scale) | −0.12 (−1.06–0.81) NS | 0.38 (0.13–0.63) ** | 1.06 (0.33–3.37) NS |
Baseline quit interest (categorical) | 0.60 (−0.44–1.64) NS | 0.12 (−0.15–0.39) NS | 7.91 (2.47–25.34)** |
Baseline self-efficacy (categorical) | 0.25 (−0.99–1.48) NS | 0.12 (−0.21–0.45) NS | 0.60 (0.13–2.73) NS |
Exposure to pictorial warning (i.e., control versus intervention) | 1.92 (1.03–2.81) *** | 0.33 (0.10–0.57) ** | 2.79 (1.04–7.48)* |
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Share and Cite
Fathelrahman, A.I.; Omar, M.; Awang, R.; Cummings, K.M.; Borland, R.; Samin, A.S.B.M. Impact of the New Malaysian Cigarette Pack Warnings on Smokers’ Awareness of Health Risks and Interest in Quitting Smoking. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 4089-4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7114089
Fathelrahman AI, Omar M, Awang R, Cummings KM, Borland R, Samin ASBM. Impact of the New Malaysian Cigarette Pack Warnings on Smokers’ Awareness of Health Risks and Interest in Quitting Smoking. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2010; 7(11):4089-4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7114089
Chicago/Turabian StyleFathelrahman, Ahmed I., Maizurah Omar, Rahmat Awang, K. Michael Cummings, Ron Borland, and Ahmad Shalihin Bin Mohd Samin. 2010. "Impact of the New Malaysian Cigarette Pack Warnings on Smokers’ Awareness of Health Risks and Interest in Quitting Smoking" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 7, no. 11: 4089-4099. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph7114089