Vegetable and Fruit Intakes of On-Reserve First Nations Schoolchildren Compared to Canadian Averages and Current Recommendations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Community | Location | Fresh 2% milk (2 L) | Red Delicious Apples (per kg) | Pop (12 cans) | White bread (1 loaf) | White potatoes (10 lbs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Southern Ontario | ||||||
Kitchener-Waterloo area a,b | 43°30’N 80°32’W | 3.88 | 3.14 | 4.28 | 2.12 | 2.67 |
Georgina Island a | 44°22’N 79°17’W | - | - | - | - | - |
Christian Island a (Beausoleil First Nation) | 44°50’N 80°12’W | - | - | - | - | - |
Subarctic Ontario | ||||||
Moose Factory Island c,d (Moose Cree First Nation) | 51°16’N 80°32’W | 4.69 | 4.40 | 6.99 | 3.19 | 7.59 |
Fort Albany First Nation c | 52°15’N 81°35’W | 7.15 | 5.79 | 14.99 | 4.35 | - |
Kashechewan First Nation c | 52°18’N 81°37’W | 7.15 | 6.75 | - | 4.45 | - |
Attawapiskat First Nation c | 52°56’N 82°24’W | 7.49 | 7.19 | 16.99 | 4.65 | 12.59 |
Arctic Ontario | ||||||
Peawanuck e (Weenusk First Nation) | 55°15’N 85°12’W | 7.79 | Not available | 21.00 | 2.90 | 12.90 |
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
Sample | Sample Characteristics | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community (collection dates) | Season, Year | n b | Males | Females | Mean age ± SD | Normal weight (%) d | Over-weight (%) d | Obese (%) d | ||||
n (%) | 9–13 years | 14–18 years | n (%) | 9–13 years | 14–18 years | |||||||
Attawapiskat (22 February) | Winter, 2006 | 62 | 28 (45.2) | 22 | 6 | 34 (54.8) | 30 | 4 | 12.5 ± 1.0 | 17 (38.6) | 20 (45.5) | 7 (15.9) |
Attawapiskat (4 March) | Winter, 2010 | 69 | 25 (35.2) | 25 | 0 | 44 (63.8) | 36 | 8 | 12.2 ± 1.1 | 19 (30.2) | 20 (31.7) | 24 (38.1) |
Christian Island (19–20 October) | Autumn, 2004 | 40 | 23 (57.5) | 23 | 0 | 17 (42.5) | 17 | 0 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 17 (47.2) | 12 (33.3) | 7 (19.4) |
Fort Albany (10–12 November) | Winter, 2004 | 63 | 28 (44.4) | 14 | 14 | 35 (55.6) | 22 | 13 | 13.5 ± 2.0 | 38 (64.4) | 15 (25.4) | 6 (10.2) |
Fort Albany (12–13 December) | Winter, 2007 | 50 | 22 (44.0) | 12 | 10 | 28 (56.0) | 21 | 7 | 13.0 ± 1.9 | n/a d | n/a d | n/a d |
Georgina Island (9 December) | Winter, 2003 | 12 | 6 (50.0) | 6 | 0 | 6 (50.0) | 6 | 0 | 11.5 ± 0.7 | 7 (87.5) | 0 (0) | 1 (12.5) |
Kashechewan (26–28 May) | Spring, 2009 | 43 | 26 (60.5) | 18 | 8 | 17 (39.5) | 15 | 2 | 13.1 ± 1.0 | 16 (40.0) | 17 (42.5) | 7 (17.5) |
Moose Factory (20–23 February) | Winter, 2007 | 81 | 44 (54.3) | 10 | 34 | 37 (45.7) | 14 | 23 | 14.4 ± 1.5 | 43 (65.2) | 16 (19.8) | 7 (10.6) |
Peawanuck (7–8 December) | Winter, 2005 | 10 | 4 (40.0) | 4 | 0 | 6 (60.0) | 6 | 0 | 11.5 ± 0.9 | 3 (42.9) | 2 (28.6) | 2 (28.6) |
Peawanuck (1–2 June) | Spring, 2010 | 13 | 7 (53.8) | 6 | 1 | 6 (46.2) | 5 | 1 | 12.8 ± 0.7 | 3 (23.1) | 5 (38.5) | 5 (38.5) |
Total | - | 443 | 213 (48.1) | 140 | 73 | 230 (51.9) | 172 | 58 | 13.0 ± 1.6 | 163 (48.5) | 107 (31.8) | 66 (19.6) |
Community (collection year) | # of First Nations students in attendance who completed the WEB-Q (% participating) | # of First Nations students enrolled in the targeted grades who completed the WEB-Q (% participating) |
---|---|---|
Attawapiskat (2006) | 62 of 62 (100%) | Unavailable |
Attawapiskat (2010) | 69 of 69 (100%) | 69 of 96 (72%) |
Christian Island (2004) | 44 of 44 (100%) | 44 of 50 (88%) |
Fort Albany (2004) | 66 of 66 (100%) | 66 of 77 (86%) |
Fort Albany (2007) | 50 of 50 (100%) | 50 of 60 (83%) |
Georgina Island (2003) | 12 of 12 (100%) | 12 of 14 (86%) |
Kashechewan (2009) | 43 of 43 (100%) | Unavailable |
Moose Factory (2007) | 81 of 81 (100%) | 81 of 84 (96%) |
Peawanuck (2005) | 11 of 11 (100%) | 11 of 13 (85%) |
Peawanuck (2010) | 13 of 13 (100%) | 13 of 15 (87%) |
2.2. Vegetable and Fruit and Nutrient Intakes
2.3. Anthropometric Variables and Body Mass Index Classification
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Dietary Intakes to Current Dietary Standards, the Southern Ontario Food Behaviour Data and CCHS Food Group Data
Nutrient or food group | On-reserve First Nations schoolchildren from northern and southern Ontario | Southern Ontario Food Behaviour Data | Recommen-dations | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex (n) | Age group (years) | Median intake | Mean intake ± SD | Sex (n) | Age group (years) | Median intake | Mean intake ± SD | ||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) b | Male (n = 140) | 9–13 | 2.9 | 3.5 ± 3.2 | Male (n = 260) | 9–13 | 4.3 | 5.4 ± 4.4 | 6 |
“Other” foods (servings) | 4.5 | 5.5 ± 4.4 | 6.2 | 6.8 ± 4.2 | - | ||||
Fibre (g) c | 8.6 | 10.9 ± 8.3 | 14.8 | 16.0 ± 9.6 | 31 | ||||
Folate (μg) d | 178.5 | 215.5 ± 160.8 | 313.2 | 347.2 ± 197.6 | 250 | ||||
Vitamin A (RAE) d | 406.8 | 494.7 ± 479.9 | 801.7 | 1,315.5 ± 1,599.0 | 443 | ||||
Vitamin C (mg) d | 72.8 | 112.0 ± 120.7 | 115.1 | 164.6 ± 147.0 | 39 | ||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Male (n = 73) | 14–18 | 3.3 | 3.3 ± 2.7 | Male (n = 28) | 14–18 | 4.3 | 5.5 ± 4.4 | 8 |
“Other” foods (servings) | 7.0 | 8.4 ± 5.7 | 6.1 | 6.8 ± 4.2 | - | ||||
Fibre (g) | 10.4 | 11.2 ± 7.6 | 14.9 | 16.1 ± 9.6 | 38 | ||||
Folate (μg) | 244.2 | 293.1 ± 212.6 | 312.5 | 348.1 ± 197.9 | 330 | ||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | 535.0 | 656.9 ± 492.8 | 807.5 | 1,324.2 ± 1,605.8 | 630 | ||||
Vitamin C (mg) | 81.5 | 110.2 ± 108.1 | 117.2 | 166.1 ± 147.2 | 63 | ||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Female (n = 172) | 9–13 | 2.9 | 3.6 ± 3.1 | Female (n = 336) | 9–13 | 4.5 | 5.1 ± 3.7 | 6 |
“Other” foods (servings) | 4.4 | 5.1 ± 3.8 | 4.9 | 5.4 ± 3.5 | - | ||||
Fibre (g) | 9.2 | 10.0 ± 6.9 | 12.2 | 13.5 ± 8.0 | 26 | ||||
Folate (μg) | 168.1 | 202.6 ± 171.0 | 249.4 | 270.6 ± 153.2 | 250 | ||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | 370.7 | 489.4 ± 568.2 | 675.4 | 1,210.7 ± 1,450.0 | 420 | ||||
Vitamin C (mg) | 89.8 | 120.7 ± 136.6 | 108.4 | 141.4 ± 108.6 | 39 | ||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Female (n = 58) | 14–18 | 2.7 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | Female (n = 47) | 14–18 | 4.7 | 5.6 ± 4.0 | 7 |
“Other” foods (servings) | 4.6 | 5.6 ± 4.0 | 6.2 | 6.3 ± 4.3 | - | ||||
Fibre (g) | 7.7 | 8.3 ± 6.1 | 15.2 | 15.2 ± 9.3 | 26 | ||||
Folate (μg) | 147.6 | 204.2 ± 175.0 | 273.6 | 274.6 ± 168.3 | 330 | ||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | 364.4 | 427.5 ± 330.2 | 679.6 | 1,185.9 ± 1,667.9 | 485 | ||||
Vitamin C (mg) | 87.1 | 128.6 ± 154.7 | 124.4 | 148.2 ± 139.6 | 56 |
3.2. Comparison of Intakes by Latitude
Sample | Sample Characteristics | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Community | Season, Year | n | Mean Age ± SD | Males (%) | Females (%) |
Christian Island | Autumn, 2004 | 40 | 11.8 ± 1.0 | 23 (57.5) | 17 (42.5) |
Fort Albany | 36 | 12.0 ± 0.8 | 14 (38.9) | 22 (61.1) | |
Attawapiskat | Winter, 2005/06 | 52 | 12.2 ± 0.7 | 22 (42.3) | 30 (57.7) |
Peawanuck | 10 | 11.5 ± 0.9 | 4 (40.0) | 6 (60.0) | |
Moose Factory | Winter, 2007 | 24 | 12.6 ± 0.5 | 10 (41.7) | 14 (58.3) |
Fort Albany | 33 | 11.9 ± 0.9 | 12 (36.4) | 21 (63.6) | |
Kashechewan | Spring, 2009 | 33 | 12.7 ± 0.5 | 18 (54.5) | 15 (45.5) |
Fort Albany | 20 | 12.4 ± 0.6 | 5 (25.0) | 15 (75.0) |
4. Discussion
Food group or nutrient | Community | n | Mean ± SD | p-value | Power | Magnitude of difference (# of SDs) | Minimum detectable effect size (# of SDs) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Autumn 2004 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Christian Island | 40 | 5.1 ± 3.2 | 0.039 | 0.542 | −0.467 | - |
Fort Albany | 36 | 4.7 ± 3.5 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Christian Island | 40 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 0.697 | 0.067 | - | −12.393 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 5.0 ± 3.9 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Christian Island | 40 | 12.1 ± 8.5 | 0.009 | 0.745 | −0.553 | - |
Fort Albany | 36 | 11.2 ± 9.4 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Christian Island | 40 | 266.7 ± 167.8 | 0.081 | 0.397 | - | −206.359 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 262.8 ± 151.4 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Christian Island | 40 | 434.8 ± 298.6 | 0.389 | 0.144 | - | 608.543 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 595.2 ± 437.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Christian Island | 40 | 134.9 ± 112.9 | 0.117 | 0.344 | - | −146.197 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 121.0 ± 102.9 | |||||
Winter 2005/2006 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | 0.834 | 0.056 | - | 10.486 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 5.7 ± 4.6 | 0.086 | 0.309 | - | −2.303 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 8.1 ± 7.0 | 0.005 | 0.985 | −1.528 | - |
Peawanuck | 10 | 10.3 ± 3.9 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 278.3 ± 228.6 | 0.029 | 0.631 | 0.798 | - |
Peawanuck | 10 | 300.0 ± 100.2 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 737.9 ± 949.2 | 0.086 | 0.156 | - | −689.895 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 386.6 ± 215.7 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 151.9 ± 196.4 | 0.964 | 0.050 | - | −2,314.693 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 104.9 ± 84.3 | |||||
Winter 2007 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Moose Factory | 24 | 2.5 ± 2.3 | 0.613 | 0.079 | - | −6.957 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Moose Factory | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.7 | 0.487 | 0.092 | - | −30.132 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 4.8 ± 2.9 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Moose Factory | 24 | 8.3 ± 6.1 | 0.836 | 0.055 | - | −40.195 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 7.3 ± 5.8 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Moose Factory | 24 | 208.2 ± 142.9 | 0.795 | 0.058 | - | −607.874 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 210.3 ± 136.3 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Moose Factory | 24 | 509.8 ± 572.4 | 0.087 | 0.382 | - | −430.657 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 584.1 ± 472.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Moose Factory | 24 | 101.4 ± 103.1 | 0.160 | 0.310 | - | 84.670 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 57.6 ± 72.2 | |||||
Spring 2009 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Kashechewan | 33 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.082 | 0.472 | - | 1.937 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Kashechewan | 33 | 5.8 ± 3.2 | 0.258 | 0.222 | - | −2.807 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 3.4 ± 2.8 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Kashechewan | 33 | 10.8 ± 5.9 | 0.146 | 0.290 | - | 6.724 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 9.9 ± 6.6 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Kashechewan | 33 | 286.8 ± 187.0 | 0.321 | 0.240 | - | 260.544 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 241.5 ± 201.8 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Kashechewan | 33 | 323.3 ± 298.4 | 0.226 | 0.224 | - | 296.278 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 269.3 ± 184.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Kashechewan | 33 | 80.4 ± 85.0 | 0.011 | 0.853 | −0.378 | 44.412 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 153.5 ± 120.1 | |||||
Autumn 2004 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Christian Island | 40 | 5.1 ± 3.2 | 0.039 | 0.542 | −0.467 | - |
Fort Albany | 36 | 4.7 ± 3.5 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Christian Island | 40 | 4.4 ± 3.4 | 0.697 | 0.067 | - | −12.393 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 5.0 ± 3.9 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Christian Island | 40 | 12.1 ± 8.5 | 0.009 | 0.745 | −0.553 | - |
Fort Albany | 36 | 11.2 ± 9.4 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Christian Island | 40 | 266.7 ± 167.8 | 0.081 | 0.397 | - | −206.359 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 262.8 ± 151.4 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Christian Island | 40 | 434.8 ± 298.6 | 0.389 | 0.144 | - | 608.543 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 595.2 ± 437.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Christian Island | 40 | 134.9 ± 112.9 | 0.117 | 0.344 | - | −146.197 |
Fort Albany | 36 | 121.0 ± 102.9 | |||||
Winter 2005/2006 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 3.4 ± 3.3 | 0.834 | 0.056 | - | 10.486 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 2.7 ± 2.2 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 5.7 ± 4.6 | 0.086 | 0.309 | - | −2.303 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 3.3 ± 2.0 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 8.1 ± 7.0 | 0.005 | 0.985 | −1.528 | - |
Peawanuck | 10 | 10.3 ± 3.9 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 278.3 ± 228.6 | 0.029 | 0.631 | 0.798 | - |
Peawanuck | 10 | 300.0 ± 100.2 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 737.9 ± 949.2 | 0.086 | 0.156 | - | −689.895 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 386.6 ± 215.7 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Attawapiskat | 52 | 151.9 ± 196.4 | 0.964 | 0.050 | - | −2,314.693 |
Peawanuck | 10 | 104.9 ± 84.3 | |||||
Winter 2007 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Moose Factory | 24 | 2.5 ± 2.3 | 0.613 | 0.079 | - | −6.957 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 2.3 ± 1.9 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Moose Factory | 24 | 7.7 ± 7.7 | 0.487 | 0.092 | - | −30.132 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 4.8 ± 2.9 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Moose Factory | 24 | 8.3 ± 6.1 | 0.836 | 0.055 | - | −40.195 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 7.3 ± 5.8 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Moose Factory | 24 | 208.2 ± 142.9 | 0.795 | 0.058 | - | −607.874 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 210.3 ± 136.3 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Moose Factory | 24 | 509.8 ± 572.4 | 0.087 | 0.382 | - | −430.657 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 584.1 ± 472.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Moose Factory | 24 | 101.4 ± 103.1 | 0.160 | 0.310 | - | 84.670 |
Fort Albany | 33 | 57.6 ± 72.2 | |||||
Spring 2009 | |||||||
Vegetables and fruit (servings) | Kashechewan | 33 | 2.5 ± 2.1 | 0.082 | 0.472 | - | 1.937 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 3.7 ± 3.7 | |||||
“Other” foods (servings) | Kashechewan | 33 | 5.8 ± 3.2 | 0.258 | 0.222 | - | −2.807 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 3.4 ± 2.8 | |||||
Fibre (g) | Kashechewan | 33 | 10.8 ± 5.9 | 0.146 | 0.290 | - | 6.724 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 9.9 ± 6.6 | |||||
Folate (μg) | Kashechewan | 33 | 286.8 ± 187.0 | 0.321 | 0.240 | - | 260.544 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 241.5 ± 201.8 | |||||
Vitamin A (RAE) | Kashechewan | 33 | 323.3 ± 298.4 | 0.226 | 0.224 | - | 296.278 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 269.3 ± 184.4 | |||||
Vitamin C (mg) | Kashechewan | 33 | 80.4 ± 85.0 | 0.011 | 0.853 | −0.378 | 44.412 |
Fort Albany | 20 | 153.5 ± 120.1 |
5. Conclusions
Conflict of Interest
Acknowledgments
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Gates, A.; Hanning, R.M.; Gates, M.; Skinner, K.; Martin, I.D.; Tsuji, L.J.S. Vegetable and Fruit Intakes of On-Reserve First Nations Schoolchildren Compared to Canadian Averages and Current Recommendations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 1379-1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041379
Gates A, Hanning RM, Gates M, Skinner K, Martin ID, Tsuji LJS. Vegetable and Fruit Intakes of On-Reserve First Nations Schoolchildren Compared to Canadian Averages and Current Recommendations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(4):1379-1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041379
Chicago/Turabian StyleGates, Allison, Rhona M. Hanning, Michelle Gates, Kelly Skinner, Ian D. Martin, and Leonard J. S. Tsuji. 2012. "Vegetable and Fruit Intakes of On-Reserve First Nations Schoolchildren Compared to Canadian Averages and Current Recommendations" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 4: 1379-1397. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9041379