Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Associated Factors in Tuberculosis Public Primary Care Patients in South Africa
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Sample and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Socioeconomic Characteristics
2.2.2. Alcohol Consumption
2.2.3. Tobacco Use
2.2.4. Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-10)
2.2.5. Health Status. Perceived General Health
2.3. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sample Characteristics
Variable | Total sample (n = 4,900) | Hazardous or harmful alcohol use | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Men (n = 2,671) (54.5%) | Women (n = 2,229) (45.5%) | ||||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |
Sociodemographics | ||||||||
Age | ||||||||
18–34 | 1,769 | 36.6 | 378 | 21.6 | 259 | 31.4 | 114 | 12.6 |
35–44 | 2,018 | 41.9 | 457 | 23.2 | 341 | 30.6 | 109 | 13.1 |
45 or more | 1,040 | 21.5 | 268 | 26.2 | 211 | 34.9 | 51 | 13.0 |
Missing | 73 | |||||||
Marital status | ||||||||
Never married | 3,356 | 72.7 | 760 | 23.0 | 560 | 32.9 | 195 | 12.4 |
Married/cohabitating | 101 | 21.5 | 237 | 24.1 | 176 | 30.0 | 54 | 14.2 |
Separated/divorced/widowed | 275 | 5.8 | 64 | 23.5 | 37 | 26.4 | 21 | 17.2 |
Missing | 268 | |||||||
Education | ||||||||
Grade 7 or less | 1,269 | 26.3 | 355 | 28.4 | 255 | 34.7 | 94 | 19.0 |
Grade 8–11 | 2,213 | 45.9 | 543 | 24.9 | 299 | 33.1 | 135 | 14.3 |
Grade 12 or more | 1,336 | 27.7 | 205 | 15.5 | 153 | 25.2 | 49 | 7.1 |
Missing | 82 | |||||||
Poverty index (5–20) | ||||||||
Low (5) | 1,617 | 35.0 | 313 | 19.5 | 243 | 27.8 | 65 | 9.2 |
Medium (6–12) | 2,227 | 48.2 | 512 | 23.7 | 384 | 33.2 | 129 | 12.8 |
High (13–20) | 776 | 16.9 | 208 | 27.3 | 451 | 35.4 | 52 | 15.9 |
Missing | 280 | |||||||
Health variables | ||||||||
New TB patient | 3,707 | 76.6 | 777 | 21.2 | 566 | 29.4 | 194 | 11.6 |
TB retreatment patient | 1,128 | 23.4 | 333 | 30.0 | 247 | 39.1 | 83 | 17.9 |
HIV positive | 2,619 | 59.9 | 552 | 21.4 | 367 | 30.4 | 178 | 13.2 |
HIV negative | 1,759 | 40.1 | 434 | 25.0 | 392 | 32.4 | 81 | 12.5 |
Daily or almost daily tobacco use | 980 | 20.0 | 485 | 49.9 | 401 | 52.0 | 74 | 40.0 |
Psychological distress (Kessler 10 > 15) | 3,970 | 81.0 | 941 | 24.2 | 686 | 33.0 | 230 | 13.6 |
Perceived health status | ||||||||
Excellent/very good | 928 | 19.1 | 190 | 20.7 | 140 | 26.9 | 47 | 12.3 |
Good | 1,667 | 34.6 | 395 | 23.9 | 287 | 33.1 | 102 | 13.4 |
Fair/poor | 2,238 | 46.3 | 524 | 23.8 | 383 | 32.8 | 130 | 13.0 |
Missing | 67 | |||||||
Diagnosed with diabetes | 194 | 4.5 | 37 | 19.2 | 27 | 30.7 | 9 | 9.1 |
On antiretroviral therapy | 906 | 22.0 | 163 | 18.2 | 105 | 26.6 | 57 | 11.5 |
3.2. Alcohol Use
Group | AUDIT score | Total N (%) | Men N (%) | Women N (%) | χ2 or * | P |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Abstainers and low-risk drinkers | 0–7 | 3,688 (76.8) | 1,759 (68.2) | 1,878 (81.6) | 233.41 | 0.000 |
High risk drinkers | 8–19 | 799 (16.6) | 579 (22.5) | 206 (9.5) | 234.10 | 0.000 |
Probable alcohol dependence | 20+ | 321 (6.6) | 241 (9.3) | 74 (3.4) | ||
Hazardous or harmful drinkers | 8+ | 1,120 (23.2) | 820 (31.8) | 280 (13.0) | 233.41 | 0.000 |
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | ||||
Total AUDIT score | 4.3 (8.1) | 5.7 (8.1) | 2.4 (6.0) | * | 0.000 |
3.3. Results of Logistic Regression: Associations between Sociodemograhic and Health Variables and Hazardous or Harmful Alcohol Use
Factors | Men | Women | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cr OR (95% CI) a | Adj OR (95% CI) a,b | Cr OR (95% CI) a | Adj OR (95% CI) a,c | |
Sociodemographics | ||||
Age | ||||
18–30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
31–44 | 0.96 (0.79–1.17) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) | 1.05 (0.79–1.39) | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) |
45 or more | 1.17 (0.94–1.46) | 1.03 (0.72–1.43) | 1.04 (0.73–1.47) | 1.00 (0.70–1.42) |
Marital status | ||||
Not married | 1.00 | --- | 1.00 | --- |
Married/cohabitating | 0.88 (0.72–1.08) | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) | ||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 0.74 (0.50–1.09) | 1.47 (0.89–2.40) | ||
Education | ||||
Grade 7 or less | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Grade 8–11 | 0.93 (0.77–1.13) | 1.34 (0.99–1.83) | 0.71 (0.53–0.95) * | 0.73 (0.52–1.04) |
Grade 12 or more | 0.64 (0.50–0.81) *** | 1.08 (0.74–1.58) | 0.32 (0.22–0.47) *** | 0.33 (0.21–0.51) *** |
Poverty | ||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.29 (1.06–1.56) ** | 1.11 (0.88–1.99) | 1.45 (1.06–1.98) | 1.35 (0.97–1.89) |
Poverty high | 1.43 (1.11–1.83) ** | 1.11 (0.81–1.51) | 1.85 (1.25–2.73) ** | 1.38 (0.90–2.10) |
Health variables | ||||
Perceived health status | ||||
Excellent/very good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | --- |
Good/ | 1.35 (1.06–1.71) * | 1.42 (1.06–1.90) * | 1.10 (0.76–1.60) | |
Fair/poor | 1.33 (1.06–1.67) * | 1.34 (1.00–1.80) * | 1.07 (0.75–1.53) | |
New TB patient | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
TB retreatment patient | 1.54 (1.28–1.86) *** | 1.30 (1.03–1.65) * | 1.67 (1.26–2.21) *** | 1.44 (1.05–1.97) * |
Daily or almost daily tobacco use | 3.59 (3.01–4.30) *** | 3.71 (3.00–4.59) *** | 5.72 (4.12–7.94) *** | 6.06 (4.02–9.14) *** |
Psychological distress (K−10 > 15) | 1.35 (1.09–1.68) ** | 1.40 (1.07–1.84) * | 1.36 (0.96–1.92) | --- |
Diabetes | 0.91 (0.57–1.44) | --- | 0.66 (0.33–1.32) | --- |
HIV negative | 1.00 | --- | 1.00 | --- |
HIV positive | 0.91 (0.76–1.09) | 1.07 (0.81–1.42) | ||
On ART | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) * | 0.76 (0.58–0.98) * | 0.91 (0.66–1.25) | --- |
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
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Peltzer, K.; Louw, J.; Mchunu, G.; Naidoo, P.; Matseke, G.; Tutshana, B. Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Associated Factors in Tuberculosis Public Primary Care Patients in South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 3245-3257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093245
Peltzer K, Louw J, Mchunu G, Naidoo P, Matseke G, Tutshana B. Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Associated Factors in Tuberculosis Public Primary Care Patients in South Africa. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(9):3245-3257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093245
Chicago/Turabian StylePeltzer, Karl, Julia Louw, Gugu Mchunu, Pamela Naidoo, Gladys Matseke, and Bomkazi Tutshana. 2012. "Hazardous and Harmful Alcohol Use and Associated Factors in Tuberculosis Public Primary Care Patients in South Africa" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 9: 3245-3257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093245