Social and Emotional Functioning of Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors and Typically Developing Youth Following the Onset of the Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Preliminary Analyses
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of Specific Social Behaviors on the Modified ADOS-2 in PBTS vs. TD
3.3. Social and Emotional Adjustment and Cognitive Functioning in PBTS vs. TD (See Table 2)
PBTS | TD | t | d | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | Range | M (SD) | Range | |||
Social Skills (SSIS) | 99.38 (19.31) | 70–129 | 112.63 (13.68) | 89–136 | −2.24 * | −0.79 |
Social Problems (CBCL) | 56.44 (8.78) | 50–75 | 51.13 (2.13) | 50–58 | 2.35 * | 0.83 |
Social Competence (CBCL) | 44.44 (9.01) | 31–65 | 53.81 (6.41) | 41–65 | −3.39 * | −1.20 |
Anxious Depressed (CBCL) | 57.19 (7.96) | 50–84 | 55.81 (9.77) | 50–84 | 0.44 | 0.15 |
Withdrawn Depressed (CBCL) | 56.25 (7.67) | 50–70 | 55.38 (6.15) | 50–70 | 0.36 | 0.13 |
Anxiety Problems (CBCL) | 58.63 (8.18) | 50–77 | 54.38 (7.83) | 50–72 | 1.50 | 0.53 |
Internalizing Problems (CBCL) | 53.81 (10.06) | 33–76 | 49.63 (12.52) | 33–76 | 1.04 | 0.37 |
Full Scale IQ-2 (WASI-II) | 100.13 (25.70) | 51–129 | 113.31 (10.29) | 92–135 | −1.91 * | −0.67 |
Working Memory (WISC-V) | 11.25 (4.91) | 4–19 | 11.81 (3.27) | 7–19 | −0.38 | −0.14 |
Processing Speed (WISC-V) | 6.87 (4.53) | 1–16 | 11.38 (3.74) | 7–19 | −3.03 ** | −1.09 |
3.4. Associations between Social Behaviour Ratio Score, Social and Emotional Adjustment, and Cognitive Functioning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Ljungman, L.; Remes, T.; Westin, E.; Huittinen, A.; Lönnqvist, T.; Sirkiä, K.; Rantala, H.; Ojaniemi, M.; Harila, M.; Lähteenmäki, P. Health-related quality of life in long-term survivors of childhood brain tumors: A population-based cohort study. Support. Care Cancer 2022, 30, 5157–5166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Siegel, D.A.; Richardson, L.C.; Henley, S.J.; Wilson, R.J.; Dowling, N.F.; Weir, H.K.; Tai, E.W.; Buchanan Lunsford, N. Pediatric cancer mortality and survival in the United States, 2001–2016. Cancer 2020, 126, 4379–4389. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hocking, M.C.; McCurdy, M.; Turner, E.; Kazak, A.E.; Noll, R.B.; Phillips, P.; Barakat, L.P. Social competence in pediatric brain tumor survivors: Application of a model from social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2015, 62, 375–384. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Schulte, F.; Brinkman, T.M.; Li, C.; Fay-McClymont, T.; Srivastava, D.K.; Ness, K.K.; Howell, R.M.; Mueller, S.; Wells, E.; Strother, D. Social adjustment in adolescent survivors of pediatric central nervous system tumors: A report from the C hildhood C ancer S urvivor S tudy. Cancer 2018, 124, 3596–3608. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Papini, C.; Fayad, A.A.; Wang, M.; Schulte, F.S.; Huang, I.C.; Chang, Y.P.; Howell, R.M.; Srivastava, D.; Leisenring, W.M.; Armstrong, G.T. Emotional, behavioral, and physical health consequences of loneliness in young adult survivors of childhood cancer: Results from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer 2023, 129, 1117–1128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yeates, K.O.; Bigler, E.D.; Dennis, M.; Gerhardt, C.A.; Rubin, K.H.; Stancin, T.; Taylor, H.G.; Vannatta, K. Social outcomes in childhood brain disorder: A heuristic integration of social neuroscience and developmental psychology. Psychol. Bull. 2007, 133, 535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Halle, T.G.; Darling-Churchill, K.E. Review of measures of social and emotional development. J. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2016, 45, 8–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lord, C.; Rutter, M.; DiLavore, P.; Risi, S.; Gotham, K.; Bishop, S. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, 2nd ed.; (ADOS-2); Western Psychological Corporation: Torrance, CA, USA, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Desjardins, L.; Lai, M.-C.; Vorstman, J.; Bartels, U.; Barrera, M. A Novel Approach to Understanding Social Behaviors in Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors: A Pilot Study. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2021, 46, 80–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sharkey, C.M.; Espeleta, H.C.; Traino, K.A.; Roberts, C.M.; Perez, M.N.; Bakula, D.M.; Chaney, J.M.; Alderson, R.M.; Mullins, L.L. Psychological adjustment outcomes among pediatric brain tumor survivors: A meta-analysis. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2020, 67, e28644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brinkman, T.M.; Li, C.; Vannatta, K.; Marchak, J.G.; Lai, J.-S.; Prasad, P.K.; Kimberg, C.; Vuotto, S.; Di, C.; Srivastava, D. Behavioral, social, and emotional symptom comorbidities and profiles in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. J. Clin. Oncol. 2016, 34, 3417–3425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stavinoha, P.L.; Askins, M.A.; Powell, S.K.; Pillay Smiley, N.; Robert, R.S. Neurocognitive and psychosocial outcomes in pediatric brain tumor survivors. Bioengineering 2018, 5, 73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Desjardins, L.; Rodriguez, E.; Dunn, M.; Bemis, H.; Murphy, L.; Manring, S.; Winning, A.; Vannatta, K.; Gerhardt, C.A.; Compas, B.E. Coping and social adjustment in pediatric oncology: From diagnosis to 12 months. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2020, 45, 1199–1207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Christiansen, H.L.; Bingen, K.; Hoag, J.A.; Karst, J.S.; Velázquez-Martin, B.; Barakat, L.P. Providing children and adolescents opportunities for social interaction as a standard of care in pediatric oncology. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2015, 62, S724–S749. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fisher, A.P.; Patronick, J.; Gerhardt, C.A.; Radonovich, K.; Salloum, R.; Wade, S.L. Impact of COVID-19 on adolescent and emerging adult brain tumor survivors and their parents. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2021, 68, e29116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garg, S.; Green, J.; Leadbitter, K.; Emsley, R.; Lehtonen, A.; Evans, D.G.; Huson, S.M. Neurofibromatosis type 1 and autism spectrum disorder. Pediatrics 2013, 132, e1642–e1648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeste, S.S.; Sahin, M.; Bolton, P.; Ploubidis, G.B.; Humphrey, A. Characterization of autism in young children with tuberous sclerosis complex. J. Child Neurol. 2008, 23, 520–525. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ashwood, K.L.; Buitelaar, J.; Murphy, D.; Spooren, W.; Charman, T. European clinical network: Autism spectrum disorder assessments and patient characterisation. Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 2015, 24, 985–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gresham, F.; Elliott, S.N. Social Skills Improvement System (SSIS) Rating Scales; Pearson Education Inc.: San Antonio, TX, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Schulte, F.; Barrera, M. Social competence in pediatric brain tumor survivors: Evaluating the psychometric properties of assessment tools. Support. Care Cancer 2014, 22, 561–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Achenbach, T.M.; Rescorla, L.A. Manual for the ASEBA School-Age Forms and Profiles; University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, and Families: Burlington, VT, USA, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Nakamura, B.J.; Ebesutani, C.; Bernstein, A.; Chorpita, B.F. A psychometric analysis of the child behavior checklist DSM-oriented scales. J. Psychopathol. Behav. Assess. 2009, 31, 178–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wechsler, D. Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence, 2nd ed.; (WASI-II); NCS Pearson: Bloomington, MN, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Wechsler, D. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 5th ed.; (WISC-V); NCS Pearson: Bloomington, MN, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Cormier, D.C.; Kennedy, K.E.; Aquilina, A.M. Test Review: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children: Canadian 322 (WISC-VCDN) by D. Wechsler; SAGE Publications: Los Angeles, CA, USA, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- Auletta, J.J.; Adamson, P.C.; Agin, J.E.; Kearns, P.; Kennedy, S.; Kieran, M.W.; Ludwinski, D.M.; Knox, L.J.; McKay, K.; Rhiner, P. Pediatric cancer research: Surviving COVID-19. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2020, 67, e28435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Samji, H.; Wu, J.; Ladak, A.; Vossen, C.; Stewart, E.; Dove, N.; Long, D.; Snell, G. Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and youth—A systematic review. Child Adolesc. Ment. Health 2022, 27, 173–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- van Gorp, M.; Maurice-Stam, H.; Teunissen, L.C.; van de Peppel–van der Meer, W.; Huussen, M.; Schouten-van Meeteren, A.Y.; Grootenhuis, M.A. No increase in psychosocial stress of Dutch children with cancer and their caregivers during the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2021, 68, e28827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sawicki, G.S.; Lukens-Bull, K.; Yin, X.; Demars, N.; Huang, I.-C.; Livingood, W.; Reiss, J.; Wood, D. Measuring the transition readiness of youth with special healthcare needs: Validation of the TRAQ—Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2011, 36, 160–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, K.; McBee, M.; Reiss, J.; Livingood, W.; Wood, D. TRAQ changes: Improving the measurement of transition readiness by the Transition Readiness Assessment Questionnaire. J. Pediatr. Nurs. 2021, 59, 188–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bonanno, M.; Desjardins, L.; Lugasi, T.; Carrier, J.; Labonté, N.; Sultan, S.; Coltin, H.; Perrault, S.; Provost, C.; Laverdière, C. Protocol for evaluation of the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of a targeted transition readiness workshop intervention for pediatric brain tumor survivors. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 2024, 10, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Compas, B.E.; Jaser, S.S.; Bettis, A.H.; Watson, K.H.; Gruhn, M.A.; Dunbar, J.P.; Williams, E.; Thigpen, J.C. Coping, emotion regulation, and psychopathology in childhood and adolescence: A meta-analysis and narrative review. Psychol. Bull. 2017, 143, 939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodriguez, E.M.; Dunn, M.J.; Zuckerman, T.; Vannatta, K.; Gerhardt, C.A.; Compas, B.E. Cancer-related sources of stress for children with cancer and their parents. J. Pediatr. Psychol. 2012, 37, 185–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mangione, C.M.; Barry, M.J.; Nicholson, W.K.; Cabana, M.; Chelmow, D.; Coker, T.R.; Davidson, K.W.; Davis, E.M.; Donahue, K.E.; Jaén, C.R. Screening for depression and suicide risk in children and adolescents: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA 2022, 328, 1534–1542. [Google Scholar]
- Mangione, C.M.; Barry, M.J.; Nicholson, W.K.; Cabana, M.; Coker, T.R.; Davidson, K.W.; Davis, E.M.; Donahue, K.E.; Jaén, C.R.; Kubik, M. Screening for anxiety in children and adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2022, 328, 1438–1444. [Google Scholar]
- Kazak, A.E.; Abrams, A.N.; Banks, J.; Christofferson, J.; DiDonato, S.; Grootenhuis, M.A.; Kabour, M.; Madan-Swain, A.; Patel, S.K.; Zadeh, S. Psychosocial assessment as a standard of care in pediatric cancer. Pediatr. Blood Cancer 2015, 62, S426–S459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Brain Tumor (n = 16) | Typically Developing (n = 16) | |
---|---|---|
Variables | n (%) or M ± SD | n (%) or M ± SD |
Age in years | 13.24 ± 2.19 | 14.81 ± 1.93 |
Female sex | 56% | 75% |
Race | ||
White | 8 (50) | 7 (44) |
Black | 2 (13) | |
Asian | 5 (31) | 4 (25) |
Multiracial | 3 (19) | 3 (19) |
Family income | ||
Under 25,000 per year | 4 (25) | |
500,000–75,000 per year | 5 (31) | 2 (13) |
75,001 to 100,000 per year | 3 (19) | 5 (31) |
100,001 or more per year | 4 (25) | 8 (50) |
Prefer not to say | 1 (6) | |
Time since diagnosis in years | 6.35 ± 4.19 | |
Tumour type | ||
Medulloblastoma | 3 (19) | |
Low grade glioma | 3 (19) | |
Ependymoma | 3 (19) | |
Germinoma | 3 (19) | |
Other (Astrocytoma, mixed germ cell, ATRT) | 4 (24) | |
Tumour Treatment | ||
Surgery only | 1 (6) | |
Chemotherapy and surgery | 3 (19) | |
Radiotherapy and surgery | 4 (25) | |
Chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery | 8 (50) |
SS | SP | SC | AD | WD | AP | IP | FSIQ | WM | PS | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full sample ADOS-2 overall ratio score | −0.36 * | 0.49 ** | −0.25 | 0.37 * | 0.27 | 0.48 ** | 0.45 * | −0.50 ** | −0.27 | −0.41 * |
PBTS | −0.23 | 0.44 | 0.003 | 0.41 | 0.33 | 0.52 * | 0.54 * | −0.49 | −0.34 | −0.35 |
TD | −0.41 | 0.21 | −0.27 | 0.42 | 0.25 | 0.28 | 0.45 | −0.16 | 0.01 | −0.26 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Desjardins, L.; Hancock, K.; Lai, M.-C.; Bartels, U.; Vorstman, J.; Barrera, M. Social and Emotional Functioning of Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors and Typically Developing Youth Following the Onset of the Pandemic. Curr. Oncol. 2024, 31, 4346-4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31080324
Desjardins L, Hancock K, Lai M-C, Bartels U, Vorstman J, Barrera M. Social and Emotional Functioning of Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors and Typically Developing Youth Following the Onset of the Pandemic. Current Oncology. 2024; 31(8):4346-4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31080324
Chicago/Turabian StyleDesjardins, Leandra, Kelly Hancock, Meng-Chuan Lai, Ute Bartels, Jacob Vorstman, and Maru Barrera. 2024. "Social and Emotional Functioning of Pediatric Brain Tumor Survivors and Typically Developing Youth Following the Onset of the Pandemic" Current Oncology 31, no. 8: 4346-4356. https://doi.org/10.3390/curroncol31080324