Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Effect of Size and Composition on Properties of QDs
3. Surface Chemistry of QDs
3.1. Interactions between NMs and Surface Ligands
3.2. Analytical Techniques for Characterising the Interactions between NMs and Surface Ligands
3.2.1. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)
3.2.2. Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectrophotometry (FT–IR)
3.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy
3.2.4. Spectrofluorimetry
3.2.5. UV–Vis Spectrophotometry
3.2.6. Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC)
3.2.7. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC)
3.2.8. Zeta Potential Determination
3.2.9. Powder X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
3.2.10. X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)
3.2.11. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.2.12. X-ray Fluorescence (XRF)
3.2.13. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (SEM–EDX)
4. Analytical Techniques for Detection and Quantification of QDs
4.1. Electroanalytical Techniques: Voltammetry
4.1.1. Square Wave Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (SWASV)
4.1.2. Square Wave Voltammetry (SWV)
4.1.3. Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)
4.2. Atomic Spectrometry Techniques
4.2.1. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP–MS)
4.2.2. Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP–OES)
4.2.3. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS)
4.3. Molecular Spectrometry Techniques
4.3.1. Spectrofluorimetry
4.3.2. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectrophotometry (LIF)
4.3.3. Selective Plane Illumination Microscopy (SPIM)
4.3.4. UV–Vis Spectrophotometry
5. Concluding Remarks and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CdSe | Vis. Absorption | Fluorescence Emission | |
---|---|---|---|
Diameter (nm) | λabs (nm) | λem (nm) | COLOUR * |
Bulk material | 671 | 713 | |
7.3 | 645 | 653 | |
4.1 | 586 | 596 | |
2.9 | 541 | 549 | |
2.2 | 484 | 499 | |
1.8 | 427 | 449 |
IV–VI QDs | Bulk Bandgap (eV) [ref.] | Bulk Exciton Bohr Radius (nm) [ref.] |
---|---|---|
PbS | 0.41 [14] | 18 [14] |
PbSe | 0.28 [14] | 46 [14] |
PbTe | 0.31 [14] | 150 [14] |
II–VI QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
ZnS | 3.6 [50] | 2.5 [51] |
ZnSe | 2.72 [52] | 4.5 [52] |
ZnTe | 2.25 [52] | 6.7 [52] |
CdS | 2.42 [50] | 2.9 [51] |
CdSe | 1.73 [50] | 5.6 [51] |
CdTe | 1.5 [14] | 10 [14] |
HgTe | −0.15 * [14] | 80 [14] |
III–V QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
AlN | 6.2 [52] | 1.6 [52] |
AlP | 2.45 [52] | 37 [52] |
AlAs | 2.15 [52] | 41 [52] |
AlSb | 1.6 [52] | 64 [52] |
GaN | 3.4 [52] | 3.1 [52] |
GaP | 2.27 [52] | 29 [52] |
GaAs | 1.43 [52] | 12.4 [52] |
GaSb | 0.7 [52] | 60 [52] |
InN | 0.65 [52] | 11.4 [52] |
InP | 1.27 [14]/1.42 [52] | 15 [14]/11 [52] |
InAs | 0.36 [14] | 34 [14] |
InSb | 018 [52] | 54 [52] |
IV QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
Si | 1.17 [52] | 4.3 [52] |
Ge | 0.67 [52] | 11.5 [52] |
II–V QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
Cd3P2 | 0.55 [14] | 18 [14] |
Cd3As2 | −0.19 * [14] | 47 [14] |
I–VI QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
Ag2S | 0.9–1.1 [14,52] | 2.2 [52] |
Ag2Se | 0.15 [14,52] | 2.9 [52] |
I–III–VI QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
CuInS2 | 1.53 [14,52] | 4.1 [14,52] |
CuInSe2 | 1.04 [14,52] | 10.6 [14,52] |
AgInS2 | 1.87 [52] | 5.5 [52] |
AgInSe2 | 1.24 [14,52] | 5–6 [52] |
II–II–VI QDs | Bulk bandgap (eV) | Bulk exciton Bohr radius (nm) [ref.] |
CdHgTe | 0–1.5 [11] | Not found |
Diameter of QDs (nm) | No. of Surface Atoms | Ratio of Surface Atoms to Total Atoms (%) |
---|---|---|
10 | 3 × 104 | 20 |
4 | 4 × 103 | 40 |
2 | 2.5 × 102 | 80 |
1 | 30 | 90 |
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Sanmartín-Matalobos, J.; Bermejo-Barrera, P.; Aboal-Somoza, M.; Fondo, M.; García-Deibe, A.M.; Corredoira-Vázquez, J.; Alves-Iglesias, Y. Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection. Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142501
Sanmartín-Matalobos J, Bermejo-Barrera P, Aboal-Somoza M, Fondo M, García-Deibe AM, Corredoira-Vázquez J, Alves-Iglesias Y. Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection. Nanomaterials. 2022; 12(14):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142501
Chicago/Turabian StyleSanmartín-Matalobos, Jesús, Pilar Bermejo-Barrera, Manuel Aboal-Somoza, Matilde Fondo, Ana M. García-Deibe, Julio Corredoira-Vázquez, and Yeneva Alves-Iglesias. 2022. "Semiconductor Quantum Dots as Target Analytes: Properties, Surface Chemistry and Detection" Nanomaterials 12, no. 14: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12142501