Association of Diet, Body Mass Index, and Lifestyle on the Gastrointestinal Health Risk in a Sample of Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Sociodemographic, Habits, and Lifestyle Data
2.3. Gastrointestinal Health
2.4. Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders
2.5. Body Mass Index (BMI)
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Frequency of Intestinal Symptoms
3.2. Differences between Sexes
3.3. Risks to Intestinal Health
3.4. Rome IV Criteria
4. Discussion
4.1. Functional Bowel Disorder (Irritable Bowel Syndrome)
4.2. Role of Diet on Intestinal Disease
4.2.1. Alcohol
4.2.2. Fruits and Vegetables
4.2.3. Beverages and Water Intake
4.3. Body Mass Index
4.4. Physical Activity
4.5. Food Schedule
4.6. Educational Level and Sociodemographic Characteristics
4.7. Limitations and Strengths
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GI | Gastrointestinal |
GIH | Gastrointestinal health |
FGID | Functional gastrointestinal disorders |
IBS | Irritable bowel syndrome |
BMI | Body mass index |
WGO | World Gastroenterology Organization |
LRA | Logistic regression analysis |
FODMAP | Fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols |
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Median | Percentile (25, 75) | Range (min, max) | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 38.5 | 25, 47 | 18, 63 |
Weight (kg) | 70.5 | 61.0, 79.2 | 42, 120 |
Height (cm) | 160 | 155.0, 165.2 | 142, 184 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27 | 24, 30 | 18, 50 |
Frequency (%) | |||
Body Mass Index | |||
Underweight | 1 | 0.4 | |
Normal weight | 75 | 30 | |
Overweight | 106 | 42.4 | |
Obesity | 68 | 27.2 | |
Sociodemographic Data | |||
Marital status | |||
Single | 131 | 52.4 | |
With couple | 119 | 47.6 | |
Occupation | |||
Paid | 104 | 41.6 | |
Unpaid | 146 | 58.4 | |
Scholarship | |||
Elementary | 4 | 1.6 | |
Middle school | 11 | 4.4 | |
High school | 68 | 27.2 | |
Bachelor | 158 | 63.2 | |
Other | 9 | 3.6 | |
Socioeconomic level | |||
High | 7 | 2.8 | |
Medium | 234 | 93.6 | |
Low | 9 | 3.6 |
Symptom | Total | Women (n = 199) | Men (n = 51) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diarrhea | 40 (16) | 36 (18.1) | 4 (7.8) | 0.75 |
Constipation | 77 (30.8) | 68 (34.2) | 9 (17.6) | 0.02 |
Flatulence | 151 (60.4) | 118 (59.3) | 33 (64.7) | 0.48 |
Abdominal distension | 162 (64.8) | 130 (65.3) | 32 (62.7) | 0.73 |
Abdominal heaviness | 87 (34.8) | 73 (36.7) | 14 (27.5) | 0.21 |
Abdominal pain | 78 (31.2) | 66 (33.2) | 12 (23.5) | 0.18 |
Exposure Variable | Mean Differences | CI 95% | ETA2 | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water consumption per day * (reference group: less than one liter) | Between one and two liters Between two and three liters | −2.15 −2.91 | −3.90, −0.41 −4.71, −1.10 | 0.046 | 0.010 <0.001 |
Consumption of 2 or more chocolate/week | Yes vs. No | 0.06 | −1.29, 1.41 | 0.001 | 0.931 |
Consumption of 2 or more cupcakes/week | Yes vs. No | −6.77 | −2.00, 0.67 | 0.005 | 0.324 |
Alcoholic beverages intake, at least once a week | Yes vs. No | 1.21 | 0.05, 2.37 | 0.017 | 0.041 |
Smoking, more than two times a week | Yes vs. No | −0.32 | −1.48, 0.83 | 0.001 | 0.584 |
Irritating or spicy foods, at least once a week | Yes vs. No | 0.99 | −0.97, 2.96 | 0.005 | 0.319 |
Carbonated Drinks, at least once a week | Yes vs. No | −0.61 | −1.97, 0.73 | 0.004 | 0.368 |
Coffe at least once a day | Yes vs. No | 0.70 | −0.70, 2.12 | 0.005 | 0.325 |
Eat Out | Yes vs. No | 0.93 | −0.49, 3.18 | 0.009 | 0.149 |
A usual morning snack | Yes vs. No | −0.513 | −2.46, 1.43 | 0.001 | 0.605 |
A usual evening snack | Yes vs. No | −1.93 | −4.07, 0.20 | 0.014 | 0.076 |
Consumption vegetables * (reference group: less than once a week) | One time a week Every 3 or 4 days Every 1 or 2 days Daily | −1.96 −3.57 −5.09 −6.02 | −4.35, 0.44 −5.74, −1.39 −7.50, −2.67 −8.23, −3.81 | 0.268 | 0.215 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
Weekly exercise | Once Every 3 or 4 days Every 1 or 2 days Daily | −1.35 −3.00 −4.71 −6.60 | −2−28, −0.42 −4.68, −2.51 −5.75, −3.67 −7.70, −5.50 | 0.400 | 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) * (reference group: 24.9 or less) | 40 or more 35 to 39.9 30 to 34.9 25 to 29.9 | −5.40 −4.47 −2.58 −1.12 | −9.37, −1.44 −6.87, −2.08 −4.33, −0.84 −2.53, 0.30 | 0.169 | 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.203 |
Symptomatic medication use * (reference group: no medication) | Daily Every 3–4 days Every 1–2 days 1 per week | −4.70 −4.13 −5.74 −2.46 | −6.09, −3.30 −5.64, −2.62 −7.61, −3.87 3.31, −1.62 | 0.279 | <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 |
With Functional Bowel Disorder | Without Functional Bowel Disorder | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | |
With constipation | 65 | 56.0 | 52 | 38.8 |
With diarrhea | 4 | 3.40 | 9 | 6.7 |
Mixed | 15 | 13.0 | 10 | 7.4 |
Indeterminate | 32 | 27.6 | 0 | 0 |
Asymptomatic | 0 | 0 | 63 | 47.0 |
Total | 116 | 100 | 134 | 100 |
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Sámano, R.; Esparza-Juárez, F.; Chico-Barba, G.; González-Medina, E.; Sánchez-Jiménez, B.; Hernández-Trejo, M. Association of Diet, Body Mass Index, and Lifestyle on the Gastrointestinal Health Risk in a Sample of Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 10569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710569
Sámano R, Esparza-Juárez F, Chico-Barba G, González-Medina E, Sánchez-Jiménez B, Hernández-Trejo M. Association of Diet, Body Mass Index, and Lifestyle on the Gastrointestinal Health Risk in a Sample of Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):10569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710569
Chicago/Turabian StyleSámano, Reyna, Fernanda Esparza-Juárez, Gabriela Chico-Barba, Erika González-Medina, Bernarda Sánchez-Jiménez, and María Hernández-Trejo. 2022. "Association of Diet, Body Mass Index, and Lifestyle on the Gastrointestinal Health Risk in a Sample of Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 17: 10569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191710569