Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation and Biomedical Evaluation of Capped Nanoparticles
2.1. Physical and Chemical Synthesis
2.2. Biological/Green Synthesis
3. Effects of Capping Agents on Drug Delivery
4. Effects of Capping Agents on Gene Delivery
5. Effects of Capping Agents in Bioimaging
6. Effects of Capping Agents in Biosensing
7. Conclusions and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sr. No. | Nanoparticles (NPs) | Capping Agents | Drug | Targeting Disease/Cell Line Type | Mechanism of Action/Effect | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Ag NPs | PVA & Chitosan | Naproxen | Saos-2 cells | Strong response of Saos-2 cells with a higher level of adhesion, proliferation, and mineralization | [65] |
2. | Ag NPs | PVA | DOX, Curcumin | Bacillus cereus, E. coli | Significant antibacterial activity | [66] |
3. | Ag NPs | PVA, PVP | PVA-Ag NPs, PVP-Ag NPs | Skin wound | PVA-Ag NPs: Exhibit a dominant antibacterial efficacy and showed positive effects through their anti-inflammatory and angiogenic properties, with a nearly 95% healing effect within 9 days; PVP-Ag NPs: Potential antimicrobial efficacy and wound healing properties | [67] |
4. | Ag NPs | PEG | I-131 radionuclide | WI-38 cells, solid tumor sarcoma bearing mice | High in-vitro and in-vivo stability, with no cytotoxic effect on normal cells at a lower concentration, high radioactivity accumulation in tumor tissues of mice | [68] |
5. | Ag NPs | PVA/PVP/Pectin | Mafenide acetate | Skin wound | Remarkable effect on wound healing | [69] |
6. | Ag NPs | Chitosan | Ag-Chitosan | Skin wound | Accelerated the healing of a burn wound by decreasing the inflammatory reaction; subsequently, decreasing the duration of the repair phase | [70] |
7. | Fe3O4 NPs | PVA, SA, BSA | DOX | HepG2, L02 cell lines | Fe3O4-SA-DOX-PVA-BSA toxic to HepG2 cell lines and non-toxic to L02 cell lines | [71] |
8. | Fe3O4 NPs | EDTA | Imatinib | Bone marrow cell line (K562) | Drug loaded NPs display lower liver accumulation compared to a bared drug, prolonged circulation time | [72] |
9. | MnFe2O4 NPs | PVP | DOX | HeLa Cells | No cytotoxicity of PVP-coated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles. Controlled drug delivery with pH-dependent release behavior. | [73] |
10. | PLGA NPs | Chitosan, PEG and Dextran | Curcumin | Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) | Effective in arresting cancer cell growth, induce apoptosis | [74] |
11. | Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MS NPs) | PEG | DOX | HeLa cells | Decrease in cancer cell viability | [33] |
12. | MS NPs | PEGylated polyaminoacids | Celastrol (CST) | Cancer cells, and SCC-7 xenograft tumor-bearing mice | CMSN-PEG exhibited high in vitro cytotoxicity in different cancer cells, effectively used as a mitochondrial targeting system for efficient inhibition of solid tumors | [75] |
13. | MNs loaded with PB NPs | PVA/PVP | Metformin | Skin | The effective decline in the BGLs of diabetic rats. | [76] |
14. | Au NPs | PAMAM–COOH (G4) | DOX | Cancer | Enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) mediated drug targeting followed by the lysosomal drug release | [77] |
15. | FeO NPs | PAMAM–NH2 (G4) | 3,4-difluorobenz ylidene- curcumin | SKOV3 cells | Multivalent theranostic nanoparticles for simultaneous imaging and precise cancer cell targeting | [78] |
16. | Au NPs | BSA | Methotrexate (MTX) | MCF-7 | Inhibitory action on the growth of MCF-7 cell line induces apoptosis | [79] |
17. | MS NPs | Peptide coated Au NPs | DOX | U87 MG cells and HEK 293 cells | NPs-mediated apoptosis of αvβ3 integrin over-expressing cancer cells | [80] |
18. | Fe3O4 NC (nano-composite) | PAH/PSS | DOX | A549 cell lines | pH-responsive drug release and higher cytotoxicity towards human lung cancer (A549) cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner | [81] |
19. | Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONPs) | Tannic acid (TA) and Quinic acid (QA) | Quinic acid (QA) and its derivatives | U87 cells and metastatic (MDA-MB-231Br cells) | Higher cellular uptake of QA-coated USIONPs compared to TA-coated USIONPs | [82] |
20. | Ag NPs | Aesculus hippocastanum (horse chestnut) | Aqueous A. hippocastanum leaf extract, resveratrol | Bacterial agents, in vitro drug release | Significant antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, drug release from AgNPs exhibited pH dependency; the release was significant (45.6%) under acidic conditions (pH 5.2) | [83] |
21. | Au & Ag NPs | B. monosperma (BM) leaf extract | DOX | B16F10 & MCF-7 cancer cells | Significant inhibition of cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (0.06–0.25 μM w. r. t DOX) | [84] |
22. | PD-FeO NPs | CS, PVA | Leaf extract of Pinus densiflora (PD) | Diabetic and anemia-associated diabetic wounds | Enhanced cell proliferation and augmented angiogenesis, leading to wound contraction and reduction in cytotoxicity | [85] |
23. | CeO2 NPs | CS/PVA | Zingiber officinale extract | Human dermal fibroblasts cells | Significantly decreased wound infections without the use of antibiotics | [86] |
24. | ZnO NPs | Chitosan | Camellia sinensis/Paclitaxel | MCF-7 | High cytotoxic effect on the breast cancer cell line | [87] |
25. | α-Fe2O3 NPs | Nepeta cataria leaves extract | Doxorubicin | Melanoma cell line (A375) | Significant cytotoxic effect against the melanoma cancer cell line | [88] |
Sr. No. | Nanoparticles (NPs) | Description/Capping Agent | Disease/Cell Lines | In Vitro/In Vivo Implication | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Au NPs | Synthesis of Au NPs capped with l-cysteine methyl ester hydrochloride conjugated to PEG | Hep G2, Caco-2, B16F10, and CT26 | Bioengineered Au NPs with different sizes, shapes, structures, chemistry, and synthetic strategies have shown potential to enhance siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo | [114] |
3. | Au NPs | Linalool-loaded glutathione-modified Au NPs conjugated with CALNN peptide | SKOV-3 | LG and LGC were selectively toxic in cancer cells and induced apoptosis by activating caspase-8, the p53 protein, and various proteins involved in apoptosis. | [115] |
5. | Au NPs | Central core Au NPs encapsulated by a layer of DNA-capped QDs used | A pair of human ovarian carcinoma cell lines-A2780, and DOX-resistant cell line A2780 ADR | Programmable hybrid nanostructures engage with the target MRP1 mRNA, reduces the MRP1 expression, results in a detectable turn-on fluorescence signal, and Dox release. The Dox-anti-MRP1 hybrid is significantly more cytotoxic against MDR cancer cells. | [116] |
6. | Au NPs | Au NPs fabricated with L-Cystine methyl ester hydrochloride as a capping agent, then loaded with plasmid DNA encoded p53 gene | WI38 and A549 | The high percentage of cell viability in WI 38 proved the safety of L-cysteine methyl ester functionalized Au NPs. Additionally, the apoptotic effect due to the expression of p53 gene loaded on Au NPs was only prominent in A549. | [117] |
7. | Au NPs | Doxorubicin loaded oligonucleotides (ONTs) attached to Au NPs (DOA) | SW480 and a xenograft mouse model | Successful cellular uptake of DOA by SW480, with significant cytotoxicity at reasonably low concentrations. In vivo, DOA could significantly suppress cancer growth in a mouse xenograft than free DOX | [118] |
8. | Au nanosphere | Gold nanosphere coated with poly(ethylenimine) (PEI), conjugated with the targeting ligand anisamide (Au-PEI-AA) | PC3 prostate cancer cells | Au-PEI-AA mediated siRNA uptake into PC3 prostate cancer cells via binding to the sigma receptor, anisamide-labeled Au NPs can target the sigma receptor | [119] |
9. | IONPs | Iron Oxide NPs to deliver siRNA targeting BCL-2 in oral cancer cells | Ca9-22 cell line | Reduced cell viability and relative cell migration in Ca9-22 cell line | [112] |
10. | Au NPs | Biosynthesis of Au NPs using cold and hot sclerotium of Lignosus rhinocerotis, capped with chitosan | Human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) | DsiRNA-AuNPs incorporated into thermo-responsive pluronic gels demonstrated high cell viability, proliferation, and cell migration rate via in vitro cultured cells of HDF, indicating their non-cytotoxicity and wound healing properties | [120] |
Sr. No. | Nanoparticles (NPs) | Capping Agent | Effect of Capping Agent | Bioimaging Application | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | CdS QDs | Dextrin | Reduced toxicity of innate cadmium sulfide (CdS) | Used as fluorescent agent in in vitro and in vivo studies where maximum fluorescence was observed in kidney, liver, and brain | [151] |
2. | Au NPs & DTA | Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer | Improved X-ray attenuation, stability, biocompatibility, and enhanced blood circulation time | CT Imaging | [152] |
3. | Bimetallic Au-Ag NPs | Folic acid (FA)-modified PAMAM dendrimer | 25% higher X-ray attenuation than Omnipaque. In in vitro better CT imaging of cancer cells overexpressing FA receptors showed 2.3 to 2.7-fold higher uptake than the cells possessing low level of FA expression. | In vitro CT imaging in cancer cells | [153] |
4. | Ag NPs | Acetylated-PAMAM dendrimer | Extended blood circulation time led to prolonged enhancement | X-ray CT contrast agent | [154] |
5. | Au NPs | Acetylated-PAMAM dendrimer | Improved biocompatibility, 1.6 times higher X-ray attenuation compared to Omnipaque, specific targeting through receptor-mediated endocytosis | In vivo CT imaging | [155] |
6. | Au NPs | Thiolated PEG & pluronic triblock copolymer (PEO–PPO–PEO) | Improved colloidal and optical stability and biocompatibility | Used as scattering probes for dark-field imaging of cancer cells under both in vitro and in vivo conditions | [156] |
7. | Gd2O3 & PMNPs | Diethylene glycol polymer & Liposomes | No in vitro cytotoxic effects, sensitive contrast agent | MRI contrast agent and marker for cell tracking | [157] |
8. | IONPs | Dextran | Biocompatible, superior T2 relaxation rate and high relaxivities led to clear distinguished signal imaging intensity of specific organ, tumor, and whole-body | MRI contrast agents | [158] |
9. | Au NPs | Poly di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene | Biocompatible and biodegradable | Can be used as contrast agents for photoacoustic imaging | [159] |
10. | INPs | PEG | Biocompatible, extended high contrast vascular imaging and stability, selectively accumulated in tumor | Vascular and tumor imaging by Micro-CT | [160] |
11. | Iodine-131 labeled Au NPs | Polyethyleneimine (PEI) | Improved X-ray attenuation coefficient, colloidal stability, cytocompatibility, and radiochemical stability in vitro | Single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) imaging and radionuclide therapy | [161] |
12. | Bi2S3 NPs & QDs | PEG-phospholipid bilayer | Enhanced CT contrast and fluorescence imaging capability, longer circulation time (>4 h) than iobitridol, biocompatibility, and safety. | Used for combined CT/fluorescence imaging | [162] |
13. | Radioactive iodide-124 labeled Au NPs | PEG | Non-toxic, high stability, and sensitivity in various pH, serum, and in vivo conditions | In vivo tumor imaging through combined positron emission tomography and cerenkov luminescent imaging (PET/CLI). | [163] |
14. | CuS [c(RGDfK)] | PEG | High efficacy and minimal side effects | Promising platform for image guided ablation therapy | [164] |
15. | Au NPs | Glycol-chitosan | Simplest nanocomposite did not require antibodies or complex surface modification | Photoacoustic contrast agent | [165] |
16. | Silica NPs | PEG & doping with cyanine 5.5 (Cy5.5) & cyanine 7 (Cy7) dyes | High colloidal stability in water and in biological environment, with absorption and fluorescence emission in the NIR field | Used to achieve optical and photoacoustic imaging | [166] |
17. | Au NPs | Poly(perylene diimide) (PPDI) & PEG | Greater photothermal effect and a stronger photoacoustic signal | Used as photoacoustic (PA) agents under in vivo imaging and therapeutic evaluation | [167] |
18. | Plectin-SPION-Cy7 or SPION-Cy7 | DSPE-PEG-NH2 | Highly accumulated in tumor, MIAPaCa2 and XPA-1 carcinoma cells but not in normal pancreatic tissues, liver, and kidney | Optical imaging and MRI | [168] |
19. | Curcumin-Ag NPs complex | Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | Enhanced water solubility and bioavailability in a biological system without effecting its therapeutic potential. Fluorescence efficiency in cancer cellular medium is ∼2.37 times higher | Used as fluorescent probe in CT imaging | [169] |
20. | Au NPs doped with silver | Gelatin | Improved stability, quantum yield, and fluorescence lifetime. Remarkable biocompatibility | Promising approach for imaging in a challenging tissue as skin | [170] |
21. | MoO3 mixed with optoelectrochemically active dye complex (Ru(II)) | Chitosan (CS) | Biocompatible | Used in intracellular imaging | [171] |
22. | Au NPs | Zinnia elegans plant extract | Highly biocompatible and do not use any targeted ligand | Used as imaging agent in NIR region | [172] |
23. | Ag NPs | 4-mercaptobenzoic acid-capped | Enhanced fluorescent brightness, improved photostability, and low cytotoxicity | Used for simultaneous cellular imaging and photodynamic therapy | [173] |
24. | N-doped fluorescent Si NPs with an ultra-high quantum yield | EDTA-2Na | Water dispersibility, higher stability, and biocompatibility | Used in cellular imaging | [174] |
25. | Carboxylated PPy-NPs | Folic acid functionalized carbon dots | Photostability, specific targeting, biocompatible | Used as PTT imaging agent | [175] |
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Javed, R.; Sajjad, A.; Naz, S.; Sajjad, H.; Ao, Q. Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 10521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810521
Javed R, Sajjad A, Naz S, Sajjad H, Ao Q. Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(18):10521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810521
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaved, Rabia, Anila Sajjad, Sania Naz, Humna Sajjad, and Qiang Ao. 2022. "Significance of Capping Agents of Colloidal Nanoparticles from the Perspective of Drug and Gene Delivery, Bioimaging, and Biosensing: An Insight" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 18: 10521. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810521