The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Black 100% 3 K 200 gsm carbon-fiber cloth with tensile strength 4380 Mpa (thickness = 0.2 mm);
- Two parts epoxy resin Araldite® LY556;
- Hardener Aradur® 22962;
- Mold releasing wax;
- Plywood for mold preparation.
2.2. Experiment Protocol
Specimen Preparation
2.3. Tensile Testing
2.4. Design Concept of Prosthetic Foot
3. Results
Prosthetic Foot Prototype Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Properties | Epoxy Resin Araldite® LY556 | Hardener Aradur® 22962 |
---|---|---|
Viscosity at 25 °C (ISO 12058–1) | 10,000–12,000 mPa s | 5–20 mPa s |
Density at 25 °C (ISO 1675) | 1.15–1.20 g/cm3 | 0.89–0.90 g/cm3 |
Flash Point (ISO 2719) | >200 °C | ≥110 °C |
Storage Temperature | 2–40 °C | 2–40 °C |
Epoxy content (ISO 3000) | 5.30–5.45 eq/kg | ____ |
Epoxy equivalent (ISO 3000) | 183–189 g/eq | ____ |
Araldite® LY556/Aradur® 22962 | Number of CF Laminations | Load Rate |
---|---|---|
100:30 | 2 layers 4 layers | 2 mm/min, 2 mm/min |
2 layers | 5 mm/min | |
6 layers | 5 mm/min | |
10 layers | 5 mm/min |
Sample | Time (sec) | Stress (N/mm2) | Strain (%) | Force (N) | Displacement (mm) | Stroke (mm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | 0 | −0.06769 | 0 | −2.26498 | 0 | 0 |
0.1 | −0.13361 | 0.044444 | −0.54995 | 0.005333 | 0.005333 | |
27.23 | 251.2207 | 18.88733 | 1034.025 | 2.266479 | 2.266479 | |
45.36 | 208.7001 | 31.47639 | 859.0095 | 3.777167 | 3.777167 | |
55.26 | 167.9828 | 38.35209 | 691.4171 | 4.60225 | 4.60225 | |
Sample 2 | 0 | −2.85135 | 0 | −98.3715 | 0 | 0 |
0.1 | −2.77994 | 0.002438 | −95.9078 | 0.002146 | 0.002146 | |
179.64 | 330.9781 | 6.805351 | 11,418.74 | 5.988708 | 5.988708 | |
188.58 | 75.94242 | 7.141951 | 2620.013 | 6.284916 | 6.284916 | |
188.4 | 75.85056 | 7.135014 | 2616.844 | 6.278812 | 6.278812 | |
Sample 3 | 0 | −0.06769 | 0 | −2.26498 | 0 | 0 |
0.1 | 0.266715 | 0.006849 | 8.924802 | 0.005479 | 0.005479 | |
52.1 | 576.079 | 5.426823 | 19276.75 | 4.341458 | 4.341458 | |
52.12 | 540.9233 | 5.429844 | 18100.37 | 4.34z3875 | 4.343875 | |
52.18 | −0.29973 | 5.432031 | −10.0295 | 4.345625 | 4.345625 |
CF Layers | Load Rate | Epoxy: Resin | Mechanical Strength (N/mm2) |
---|---|---|---|
2 | 2 mm/min | 100:30 | 33.15 |
4 | 2 mm/min | 100:30 | 127.88 |
2 | 5 mm/min | 100:30 | 254.51 |
6 | 5 mm/min | 100:30 | 341.54 |
10 | 5 mm/min | 100:30 | 576.07 |
Previous Studies | Materials | Fabrication Method | Tensile Strength | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|---|
(Muralidhara et al. 2020) | Carbon fiber: T800CF/Ep, T700CF/Ep, and T300CF/Ep Epoxy Resin: Araldite LY1564 Hardener: Aradur 22962 | Hand layup method with vacuum bagging process | Approximately 680 MPa, 630 MPa, and 330 Mpa. | (2–6) % increase in the mechanical strength by vacuum bagging in comparison to the hand layup method. |
(Chen et al. 2021) | Unidirectional carbon-fiber sheets Two parts epoxy resin | Hand layup method | The mean tensile strength of 13 CF samples showed an average tensile strength equal to 164.57. | The hand layup method provided higher stiffness and mechanical strength in flexure. |
(Pham et al. 2020) | Dry carbon-fiber fabric Polyester resin | Hand layup method with vacuum bagging | Specimen tensile strength was found to be 243 Mpa. | The manufactured prosthetic foot prototype will enable forward propulsion lowering the impact force upon residual organs. |
[36] (Karthik et al. 2021) | Glass, carbon, and Kevlar fibers | Hand layup method with compression molding | A mixture of carbon and Kevlar fibers indicated the highest tensile strength of 385.09 Mpa. | Carbon-Kevlar-Carbon composites showed fewer surface defects under stress. |
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Sehar, B.; Waris, A.; Gilani, S.O.; Ansari, U.; Mushtaq, S.; Khan, N.B.; Jameel, M.; Khan, M.I.; Bafakeeh, O.T.; Tag-ElDin, E.S.M. The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication. Crystals 2022, 12, 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101429
Sehar B, Waris A, Gilani SO, Ansari U, Mushtaq S, Khan NB, Jameel M, Khan MI, Bafakeeh OT, Tag-ElDin ESM. The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication. Crystals. 2022; 12(10):1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101429
Chicago/Turabian StyleSehar, Bakhtawar, Asim Waris, Syed Omer Gilani, Umar Ansari, Shafaq Mushtaq, Niaz B. Khan, Mohammed Jameel, M. Ijaz Khan, Omar T. Bafakeeh, and El Sayed Mohamed Tag-ElDin. 2022. "The Impact of Laminations on the Mechanical Strength of Carbon-Fiber Composites for Prosthetic Foot Fabrication" Crystals 12, no. 10: 1429. https://doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101429