Seed Water Absorption, Germination, Emergence and Seedling Phenotypic Characterization of the Common Bean Landraces Differing in Seed Size and Color
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material and Experimental Design
2.2. Water Absorption Experiment and Electrical Conductivity Measurement
2.3. Seed Germination Experiment
2.4. Emergence Experiment
2.5. Phenotyping Analyses
2.6. Data Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
2.7.1. Water Absorption
2.7.2. Germinability/Emergence/Phenotyping
3. Results
3.1. Water Absorption and Electrical Conductivity
3.2. Seed Germination
3.3. Emergence
3.4. Phenotypic Traits
4. Discussion
4.1. Water Absorption and Electrical Conductivity
4.2. Seed Germination and Emergence
4.3. Phenotypic Traits
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Landrace | Color of Seed Coat | Seed Size | 100-Seed Weight (g) | Location | Latitude | Longitude | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C1 | ‘Biser’ | white | small | 18.58 | Mali Bukovec | 46.29 N | 16.74 E | |
C2 | ‘Bijeli’ | white | large | 39.91 | Kusać-Soljani | 44.95 N | 18.97 E | |
C3 | ‘Kornjača’ | black | small | 21.09 | Ivanovec | 46.37 N | 16.48 E | |
C4 | ‘Trešnjevac’ | dark red | large | 40.80 | Fužine | 45.30 N | 14.71 E |
Abbrev. | Trait | Wavelength/Equation |
---|---|---|
Fv/Fm | Maximum Efficiency of Photosystem Two | Fv/Fm = (Fm – F0)/Fm [33] |
Fq’/Fm’ | Effective Quantum Yield of Photosystem Two | Fq’/Fm’ = (Fm’ – Fs’)/Fm’ [34] |
ETR | Electron Transport Rate | ETR = Fq’/Fm’ × PPFD × (0.5) [34] |
NPQ | Non-Photochemical Quenching | NPQ = (Fm – Fm’)/Fm’ [35] |
Abbrev. | Trait | Wavelength/Equation |
---|---|---|
RRed | Reflectance in Red | 640 nm |
RGreen | Reflectance in Green | 550 nm |
RBlue | Reflectance in Blue | 475 nm |
RSpcGrn | Reflectance in Specific Green, | 510–590 nm |
RFarRed | Reflectance in Far Red | 710 nm |
RNIR | Reflectance in Near Infra-Red | 769 nm |
HUE | Hue (0–360°) | HUE = 60 × (0 + (RGreen − RBlue)/(max − min)), if max = RRed; HUE = 60 × (2 + (RBlue − RRed)/(max − min)), if max = RGreen; HUE = 60 × (4 + (RRed − RGreen)/(max − min)) if max = RBlue; 360 was added in case HUE < 0 |
SAT | Saturation (0–1) | SAT = (max − min)/(max + min) if VAL > 0.5, or SAT = (max − min)/(2.0 − max − min) if VAL < 0.5, where max and min are selected from the RRed, RGreen, RBlue |
VAL | Value (0–1) | VAL = (max + min)/2; where max and min are selected from the RRed, RGreen, RBlue |
ARI | Anthocyanin Index | ARI = (R550)−1 − (R700)−1 [36](Gitelson et al., 2001) |
CHI | Chlorophyll Index | CHI = (R700)−1 − (R769)−1 [37] |
NDVI | Normalized Differential Vegetation Index | NDVI = (RNIR – RRed)/(RNIR + RRed) [38] |
Time (h) | 1.5 | 3 | 6 | 9 | 12 | 20 | 24 | EC24 (ms m−1) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
P(F) | *** | *** | *** | ** | * | * | ns | *** | ||||||||
C1 | 61.25 | A | 88.02 | A | 115.62 | A | 116.87 | AB | 120.85 | AB | 122.33 | AB | 127.05 | A | 82.12 | C |
C2 | 22.96 | C | 60.41 | B | 107.20 | B | 120.06 | A | 124.52 | A | 127.86 | A | 128.75 | A | 177.87 | A |
C3 | 40.88 | B | 86.80 | A | 111.40 | AB | 117.58 | A | 120.11 | AB | 123.14 | AB | 125.08 | A | 56.45 | D |
C4 | 8.45 | D | 38.74 | C | 95.41 | C | 110.33 | B | 115.57 | B | 119.25 | B | 121.76 | A | 114.57 | B |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | *** | ** | ** | * | * | * | * | *** | ||||||||
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | *** | *** | *** | ns | ns | ns | ns | *** |
Var | G | MGT | CVgt | MGR | U | Z | GI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landrace—P(F) | ns | ** | *** | *** | * | ** | *** | |||||||
Repetition—P(F) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||||
C1 | 1.57 | A | 1.83 | C | 0.35 | B | 0.55 | A | 0.93 | A | 0.61 | B | 29.89 | A |
C2 | 1.46 | A | 2.32 | AB | 0.43 | B | 0.43 | BC | 0.95 | A | 0.54 | B | 22.00 | BC |
C3 | 1.48 | A | 2.13 | BC | 0.59 | A | 0.47 | B | 0.62 | B | 0.80 | A | 24.63 | B |
C4 | 1.57 | A | 2.71 | A | 0.38 | B | 0.37 | C | 0.97 | A | 0.60 | B | 19.33 | C |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | ns | ** | ** | ** | * | ** | *** | |||||||
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | ns | *** | * | *** | * | ** | *** |
Var | E | MET | CVet | MER | UE | ZE | EI | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landrace—P(F) | ns | * | * | * | ns | * | ** | |||||||
Repetition—P(F) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||||
C1 | 1.43 | A | 3.63 | B | 0.46 | AB | 0.28 | A | 1.13 | A | 0.51 | AB | 13.95 | A |
C2 | 1.43 | A | 4.23 | A | 0.37 | AB | 0.24 | B | 1.13 | A | 0.55 | AB | 11.77 | B |
C3 | 1.53 | A | 3.83 | AB | 0.50 | A | 0.26 | AB | 1.30 | A | 0.46 | B | 13.52 | A |
C4 | 1.41 | A | 4.13 | A | 0.35 | B | 0.24 | AB | 0.95 | A | 0.64 | A | 11.94 | B |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |||||||
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | ns | ** | ** | ** | ns | * | *** |
Abbr. | Fv/Fm | Fq’/Fm’ | ETR | NPQ | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landrace—P(F) | *** | *** | *** | *** | ||||
Repetition—P(F) | ** | ns | ns | ** | ||||
C1 | 0.80 | A | 0.30 | B | 7556 | C | 1.18 | A |
C2 | 0.79 | C | 0.38 | A | 10058 | A | 1.03 | B |
C3 | 0.81 | A | 0.23 | C | 6093 | D | 1.20 | A |
C4 | 0.80 | B | 0.39 | A | 8936 | B | 0.94 | B |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | *** | *** | *** | ns | ||||
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | *** | *** | *** | *** |
Abbr. | RRed | RGreen | RBlue | HUE | SAT | VAL | SpcGrn | RFarRed | RNIR | CHI | ARI | NDVI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landrace—P(F) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ** | *** | *** | *** |
Repetition—P(F) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
C1 | 913 AB | 1542 B | 708 A | 105.0 B | 0.54 B | 0.02 B | 1795 B | 3575 B | 14564 B | 3.0B | 4.13 C | 0.88 C |
C2 | 942 A | 1714 A | 631 B | 103.0 C | 0.63 A | 0.03 A | 2020 A | 3844 A | 14747 B | 2.8C | 3.61 D | 0.88 C |
C3 | 865 B | 1473 B | 664 AB | 105.4 B | 0.55 B | 0.02 B | 1719 B | 3672 B | 15511 A | 3.2B | 4.92 B | 0.89 B |
C4 | 733 C | 1254 C | 578 C | 106.8 A | 0.54 B | 0.02 C | 1456 C | 3103 C | 14538 B | 3.7A | 5.53 A | 0.90 A |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | *** | ns | *** | *** | *** |
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | ** | ns | *** | ns | *** | ns | ns | *** | ns | * | ns | ns |
Abbr. | gsw | gbw | gtw | T | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Landrace—P(F) | *** | ns | *** | *** | ||||
Repetition—P(F) | ns | ns | ns | ns | ||||
C1 | 0.18 | B | 2.92 | A | 0.17 | B | 1.87 | B |
C2 | 0.091 | C | 2.92 | A | 0.09 | C | 1.07 | C |
C3 | 0.232 | A | 2.92 | A | 0.21 | A | 2.55 | A |
C4 | 0.088 | C | 2.92 | A | 0.09 | C | 0.99 | C |
Contrast W vs. C P(F) | *** | ns | *** | *** | ||||
Contrast S vs. L P(F) | *** | ns | *** | *** |
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Vidak, M.; Lazarević, B.; Javornik, T.; Šatović, Z.; Carović-Stanko, K. Seed Water Absorption, Germination, Emergence and Seedling Phenotypic Characterization of the Common Bean Landraces Differing in Seed Size and Color. Seeds 2022, 1, 324-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1040027
Vidak M, Lazarević B, Javornik T, Šatović Z, Carović-Stanko K. Seed Water Absorption, Germination, Emergence and Seedling Phenotypic Characterization of the Common Bean Landraces Differing in Seed Size and Color. Seeds. 2022; 1(4):324-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1040027
Chicago/Turabian StyleVidak, Monika, Boris Lazarević, Tomislav Javornik, Zlatko Šatović, and Klaudija Carović-Stanko. 2022. "Seed Water Absorption, Germination, Emergence and Seedling Phenotypic Characterization of the Common Bean Landraces Differing in Seed Size and Color" Seeds 1, no. 4: 324-339. https://doi.org/10.3390/seeds1040027