Envelope Design Optimization by Thermal Modelling of a Building in a Warm Climate
Abstract
:HIGHLIGHTS:
- The envelope design of a residential building has been optimized for a warm climate.
- Several envelope design options have been evaluated and compared.
- Walls with a high internal areal heat capacity are preferable in a warm climate.
- The absence of insulating layers on slab-on-ground floor provides lower temperature in summer.
- Low emissivity glass and low solar absorbance roof reduce heat loads.
1. Introduction
1.1. Building Optimization
1.2. Envelope Measures for Energy Savings
- low values of the decrement factor;
- high values of the internal thermal areal capacity;
- high values of the time shift.
1.3. Comfort Assessment and Thermal Behaviour
- hc = convective heat transfer coefficient
- hr = linear radiative heat transfer coefficient
- Tdb = air (dry bulb) temperature
- Tmr = mean radiant temperature
2. Methodology
2.1. Building Prototype
2.2. Building Dynamic Simulations
- Building (Type 56) contains information on the building envelope; i.e., orientation of walls, material properties, stratigraphy, floor and roof, windows properties and thermal loads;
- Soil characteristics (Type 501);
- Overhangs (Type 34) reports information on shading elements for each orientation (North overhang, West overhang, East overhang, South overhang);
- Weather data (Type 15) includes the weather data location. To set up the model, Types must be connected in a logical way as shown in Figure 2.
- -
- Beam radiation distribution—standard mode. Userdefined distribution factors for surfaces so called GEOSURF values are applied. The value of GEOSURF represents the fraction of the total entering direct solar radiation that strikes the surface.
- -
- Diffuse radiation distribution—standard mode. The standard mode is based on aborption-transmission weighted area ratios for all surfaces of a zone.
- -
- Longwave radiation exchange of surfaces within a zone—standard mode. The standard mode is based on the starnode approach. No user defined emissivities of inside surfaces nor radiation exchange over more than one airnode can be taken into account.
2.3. Envelope Optimization Steps
2.3.1. External Walls Selection
2.3.2. Slab on Ground Floor Evaluation
2.3.3. Analysis of the Roof Solar Absorbance
2.3.4. Evaluation of the Windows Position
2.3.5. Sizing of Windows
2.3.6. Study of the Impact of Window Types
2.3.7. Assessment of Shading
2.3.8. Estimation of the Internal Heat Loads
- a family of four people within the building;
- a load of 5 W/m2 due to the use of appliances from 8:00 to 20:00;
- a load of 3 W/m2 due to the use of appliances from 20:00 to 8:00.
2.3.9. Ground boundary conditions
2.3.10. Comfort Evaluation
- Clothing factor = 1 (CLO);
- Metabolic rate = 1.2 (MET);
- Relative air velocity = 0.15 m/s;
- Relative humidity value = 50%.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. External Walls
3.2. Slab on Ground Floor
3.3. Roof Absorbance
3.4. Windows Position
3.5. Windows Sizing
3.6. Window Types
3.7. Shading
3.8. Internal Heat Loads
3.9. PMV and PPD
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
TOP | operative air temperature (°C) |
U | Steady thermal transmittance (W/m2K) |
Ymm | thermal admittance (W/m2K) |
Ymn | periodic thermal transmittance (W/m2K) |
c | specific heat capacity (J/kgK) |
d | thickness of a layer (m) |
fd | decrement factor |
g | solar factor |
∆t | time shift: time lead (if positive), or time lag (if negative) (s or h) |
Ms | total surface mass (excluding coats) (Kg/m2) |
Greek letters | |
κ | areal heat capacity (kJ/m2K) |
λ | design thermal conductivity(W/m K) |
ρ | density (kg/m3) |
Subscripts | |
m,n | for the thermal zones |
g | glass |
f | frame |
1 | internal |
2 | external |
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FIRST STEP | External wall selection | Combo 1,2,3,4,5 |
SECOND STEP | Slab on ground floor evaluation | Combo 4,6 |
THIRD STEP | Analysis of the roof solar absorbance | Combo 6,7,8 |
FOURTH STEP | Evaluation of the windows position | Combo 9,10 |
FIFTH STEP | Sizing of windows | Combo 10,11,12 |
SIXTH STEP | Study of the impact of window types | Combo 10,13,14 |
SEVENTH STEP | Assessment of shading | Combo 10,15 |
EIGHTH STEP | Estimation of the internal heat loads | Combo 10,15,16,17 |
Combo | Window Position (Section 2.3.4, Figure 3) | Internal Gains (Section 2.3.8, Table 3) | Wall (Section 2.3.1, Table 4 and Table 5) | Slab on Ground Floor (Section 2.3.2, Table 4, Table 5 and Table 6) | Windows (Section 2.3.5, Section 2.3.6, Table 7) | Ceiling Absorptance (Section 2.3.3) | Shading (Section 2.3.7) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combo 1 | NO WINDOWS | NO | W1 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | NO |
Combo 2 | W2 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | |||
Combo 3 | W3 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | |||
Combo 4 | W4 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | |||
Combo 5 | W5 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | |||
Combo 4 | NO WINDOWS | NO | W4 | IGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | NO |
Combo 6 | W4 | NIGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | |||
Combo 6 | NO WINDOWS | NO | W4 | NIGF | NG | C0.5 (solar absorbance of 0.5) | NO |
Combo 7 | W4 | NIGF | NG | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | |||
Combo 8 | W4 | NIGF | NG | C0.7 (solar absorbance of 0.7) | |||
Combo 9 | POSITION 1 | NO | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | NO |
Combo 10 | POSITION 2 | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | ||
Combo 10 | POSITION 2 | NO | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | NO |
Combo 11 | POSITION 2 | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/7 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | ||
Combo 12 | POSITION 2 | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/9 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | ||
Combo 10 | POSITION 2 | NO | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | NO |
Combo 13 | POSITION 2 | W4 | NIGF | G2 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | ||
Combo 14 | POSITION 2 | W4 | NIGF | G3 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | ||
Combo 10 | POSITION 2 | NO | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | NO |
Combo 15 | POSITION 2 | NO | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | YES |
Combo 16 | POSITION 2 | YES | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | YES |
Combo 17 | POSITION 2 | YES | W4 | NIGF | G1 (1/8 of the floor surface) | C0.3 (solar absorbance of 0.3) | NO |
Type Gain | Total Heat Gain (W) | Hour | |
---|---|---|---|
From | To | ||
Occupants | 44 | 0:00 | 24:00 |
Artificial lighting | 125 | 8:00 | 20:00 |
Electronic equipment | 75 | 20:00 | 8:00 |
Properties | Material | λ (W/m K) Thermal Conductivity | c (J/Kg K) Specific Heat Capacity | ρ (kg/m3) Density | Thicknesses (cm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wall | Bricks | 0.13 | 1000 | 600 | 20 |
Tuff stone blocks | 1.7 | 850 | 2300 | 10 | |
Polystyrene | 0.034 | 1700 | 35 | 8 | |
Ground Floor | Stoneware flooring | 1.47 | 850 | 1700 | 1.5 |
Concrete (1200 kg/m3) | 0.47 | 850 | 1200 | 8 | |
Concrete (1600 kg/m3) | 0.73 | 850 | 1600 | 5 | |
EPS polystyrene panel | 0.035 | 850 | 35 | 5 | |
Crawl space with igloo | 0.072 | 850 | 1000 | 16 | |
Screed ordinary concrete | 1.06 | 850 | 1700 | 5 | |
Gravel | 1.2 | 850 | 1700 | 1 | |
Roof | Hollow-core concrete | 0.743 | 850 | 1800 | 25 |
Concrete (400 kg/m3) | 0.19 | 850 | 400 | 10 | |
XPS polystyrene panel | 0.04 | 850 | 35 | 8 | |
Tuff stone blocks | 1.7 | 850 | 2300 | 10 | |
Tuff stone tiles | 0.55 | 850 | 1600 | 5 |
External Walls | U | Y12 | Y22 | Y11 | fd | Ms | ∆t | k1 | k2 | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W/m2K | W/m2K | W/m2K | W/m2K | Kg/m2 | h | kJ/m2K | kJ/m2K | m | ||
W1 | | 0.243 | 0.033 | 10.559 | 0.409 | 0.136 | 352.8 | 13.3 | 5.95 | 145.38 | 0.38 |
W2 | | 0.243 | 0.032 | 10.631 | 1.9 | 0.132 | 352.8 | 13.57 | 26.56 | 146.28 | 0.38 |
W3 | | 0.243 | 0.008 | 2.233 | 0.424 | 0.033 | 352.8 | 13.51 | 5.91 | 30.74 | 0.38 |
W4 | | 0.243 | 0.019 | 0.423 | 5.841 | 0.078 | 352.8 | 14.53 | 80.43 | 5.93 | 0.38 |
W5 | | 0.243 | 0.021 | 2.221 | 5.973 | 0.086 | 352.8 | 15.15 | 82.22 | 30.56 | 0.38 |
Ground Floor | U W/m2K | D m | |
---|---|---|---|
IGF | | 0.233 | 0.415 |
NIGF | | 0.349 | 0.365 |
Window Measures | Ug (W/m2K) | g | % Frame | Uf (W/m2K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
G1 | 6/16/6 Argon | 1.3 | 0.333 | 15 | 2.27 |
G2 | 4/16/4 Argon | 1.4 | 0.589 | 15 | 2.27 |
G3 | 4/8/4/8/4 Krypton | 0.7 | 0.407 | 15 | 2.27 |
Mean surface temperature (°C) | 10 |
Amplitude of surface temperature (°C) | 5 |
Soil thermal conductivity (kJ/h m K) | 8.72 |
Soil density (kg/m3) | 3200 |
Soil specific heat (kJ/kg K) | 0.84 |
Summer Peaks (°C) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step | Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
First Step | Combo 1 | 26.61 | 27.03 | 26.79 | 26.51 | 26.27 | 27.24 | 26.16 | 26.94 | 26.62 |
Combo 2 | 26.56 | 26.95 | 26.73 | 26.47 | 26.22 | 27.15 | 26.12 | 26.84 | 26.55 | |
Combo 3 | 26.57 | 26.99 | 26.76 | 26.47 | 26.24 | 27.21 | 26.12 | 26.90 | 26.59 | |
Combo 4 | 26.41 | 26.75 | 26.57 | 26.34 | 26.08 | 26.91 | 25.99 | 26.61 | 26.38 | |
Combo 5 | 26.45 | 26.80 | 26.61 | 26.38 | 26.12 | 26.95 | 26.04 | 26.66 | 26.43 | |
Second Step | Combo 4 | 26.41 | 26.75 | 26.57 | 26.34 | 26.08 | 26.91 | 25.99 | 26.61 | 26.38 |
Combo 6 | 25.55 | 25.96 | 25.71 | 25.48 | 25.22 | 26.12 | 25.07 | 25.81 | 25.58 | |
Third Step | Combo 6 | 25.55 | 25.96 | 25.71 | 25.48 | 25.22 | 26.12 | 25.07 | 25.81 | 25.58 |
Combo 7 | 24.99 | 25.44 | 25.15 | 24.92 | 24.66 | 25.60 | 24.46 | 25.28 | 25.05 | |
Combo 8 | 26.10 | 26.47 | 26.26 | 26.04 | 25.78 | 26.62 | 25.66 | 26.33 | 26.09 | |
Fourth Step | Combo 9 | 28.31 | 28.90 | 29.07 | 28.67 | 27.65 | 29.43 | 27.48 | 29.09 | 28.55 |
Combo 10 | 27.70 | 28.11 | 28.36 | 27.93 | 26.84 | 28.21 | 26.82 | 27.46 | 27.22 | |
Fifth Step | Combo 10 | 27.70 | 28.11 | 28.36 | 27.93 | 26.84 | 28.21 | 26.82 | 27.46 | 27.22 |
Combo 11 | 28.05 | 28.45 | 28.80 | 28.33 | 27.12 | 28.56 | 27.13 | 27.76 | 27.49 | |
Combo 12 | 27.42 | 27.83 | 28.02 | 27.61 | 26.62 | 27.94 | 26.58 | 27.23 | 27.00 | |
Sixth Step | Combo 10 | 27.70 | 28.11 | 28.36 | 27.93 | 26.84 | 28.21 | 26.82 | 27.46 | 27.22 |
Combo 13 | 29.81 | 30.16 | 30.87 | 30.29 | 28.46 | 30.22 | 28.61 | 29.13 | 28.83 | |
Combo 14 | 28.21 | 28.61 | 29.06 | 28.63 | 27.26 | 28.69 | 27.27 | 27.86 | 27.64 | |
Seventh Step | Combo 10 | 27.70 | 28.11 | 28.36 | 27.93 | 26.84 | 28.21 | 26.82 | 27.46 | 27.22 |
Combo 15 | 25.83 | 26.21 | 26.09 | 25.79 | 25.56 | 26.36 | 25.24 | 26.13 | 25.90 | |
Eighth Step | Combo 10 | 27.70 | 28.11 | 28.36 | 27.93 | 26.84 | 28.22 | 26.82 | 27.46 | 27.22 |
Combo 15 | 25.83 | 26.21 | 26.09 | 25.79 | 25.56 | 26.36 | 25.24 | 26.13 | 25.90 | |
Combo 16 | 28.91 | 29.05 | 29.21 | 28.21 | 28.68 | 29.22 | 28.66 | 29.04 | 28.81 | |
Combo 17 | 30.78 | 30.94 | 31.47 | 30.98 | 29.97 | 31.05 | 30.24 | 30.37 | 30.12 |
Winter Peaks (°C) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Step | Combo | TOP_S | TOP_SE | TOP_W | TOP_E | TOP_N | TOP_SW | TOP_CENTRAL | TOP_NW | TOP_NE |
First Step | Combo 1 | 7.40 | 7.23 | 7.32 | 7.32 | 7.27 | 7.23 | 7.46 | 7.13 | 7.13 |
Combo 2 | 7.51 | 7.35 | 7.43 | 7.42 | 7.37 | 7.35 | 7.55 | 7.24 | 7.24 | |
Combo 3 | 7.55 | 7.38 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 7.41 | 7.39 | 7.58 | 7.27 | 7.27 | |
Combo 4 | 7.78 | 7.65 | 7.69 | 7.69 | 7.63 | 7.65 | 7.76 | 7.53 | 7.52 | |
Combo 5 | 7.68 | 7.54 | 7.59 | 7.59 | 7.54 | 7.55 | 7.68 | 7.43 | 7.42 | |
Second Step | Combo 4 | 7.78 | 7.65 | 7.69 | 7.69 | 7.63 | 7.65 | 7.76 | 7.53 | 7.52 |
Combo 6 | 7.55 | 7.44 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 7.40 | 7.44 | 7.53 | 7.32 | 7.31 | |
Third Step | Combo 6 | 7.55 | 7.44 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 7.40 | 7.44 | 7.53 | 7.32 | 7.31 |
Combo 7 | 7.43 | 7.335 | 7.34 | 7.34 | 7.29 | 7.33 | 7.39 | 7.20 | 7.20 | |
Combo 8 | 7.67 | 7.55 | 7.58 | 7.58 | 7.52 | 7.55 | 7.65 | 7.43 | 7.426 | |
Fourth Step | Combo 9 | 7.98 | 7.79 | 7.81 | 7.79 | 7.70 | 7.81 | 7.96 | 7.62 | 7.59 |
Combo 10 | 8.22 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 7.94 | 7.76 | 8.07 | 8.10 | 7.66 | 7.65 | |
Fifth Step | Combo 10 | 8.22 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 7.94 | 7.76 | 8.07 | 8.10 | 7.66 | 7.65 |
Combo 11 | 8.31 | 8.15 | 8.02 | 8.01 | 7.82 | 8.16 | 8.19 | 7.71 | 7.70 | |
Combo 12 | 8.14 | 7.99 | 7.89 | 7.88 | 7.72 | 8.00 | 8.03 | 7.62 | 7.61 | |
Sixth Step | Combo 10 | 8.22 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 7.94 | 7.76 | 8.07 | 8.10 | 7.66 | 7.65 |
Combo 13 | 9.01 | 8.82 | 8.61 | 8.59 | 8.32 | 8.83 | 8.79 | 8.19 | 8.17 | |
Combo 14 | 8.52 | 8.35 | 8.21 | 8.19 | 7.99 | 8.36 | 8.35 | 7.88 | 7.87 | |
Seventh Step | Combo 10 | 8.22 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 7.94 | 7.76 | 8.07 | 8.10 | 7.66 | 7.65 |
Combo 15 | 7.38 | 7.27 | 7.29 | 7.29 | 7.23 | 7.27 | 7.42 | 7.15 | 7.14 | |
Eighth Step | Combo 10 | 8.22 | 8.06 | 7.95 | 7.94 | 7.76 | 8.07 | 8.10 | 7.66 | 7.65 |
Combo 15 | 7.38 | 7.27 | 7.29 | 7.29 | 7.23 | 7.27 | 7.42 | 7.151 | 7.14 | |
Combo 16 | 10.41 | 10.07 | 10.35 | 10.35 | 10.30 | 10.07 | 10.78 | 10.00 | 10.00 | |
Combo 17 | 11.25 | 10.86 | 11.00 | 10.99 | 10.83 | 10.87 | 11.46 | 10.51 | 10.50 |
Y12 | Y22 | Y11 | fd | ∆t | k1 | k2 | Summer TOP | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/m2K | W/m2K | W/m2K | h | kJ/m2K | kJ/m2K | S | SE | W | E | N | SW | CENTRAL | NW | NE | ||
W1 | 0.033 | 10.559 | 0.409 | 0.136 | 13.3 | 5.95 | 145.38 | 26.61 | 27.03 | 26.79 | 26.51 | 26.27 | 27.24 | 26.16 | 26.94 | 26.62 |
W2 | 0.032 | 10.631 | 1.9 | 0.132 | 13.57 | 26.56 | 146.28 | 26.56 | 26.95 | 26.73 | 26.47 | 26.22 | 27.15 | 26.12 | 26.84 | 26.55 |
W3 | 0.008 | 2.233 | 0.424 | 0.033 | 13.51 | 5.91 | 30.74 | 26.57 | 26.99 | 26.76 | 26.47 | 26.24 | 27.21 | 26.12 | 26.9 | 26.59 |
W4 | 0.019 | 0.423 | 5.841 | 0.078 | 14.53 | 80.43 | 5.93 | 26.41 | 26.75 | 26.57 | 26.34 | 26.08 | 26.91 | 25.99 | 26.61 | 26.38 |
W5 | 0.021 | 2.221 | 5.973 | 0.086 | 15.15 | 82.22 | 30.56 | 26.45 | 26.8 | 26.61 | 26.38 | 26.12 | 26.95 | 26.04 | 26.66 | 26.43 |
Y12 | Y22 | Y11 | fd | ∆t | k1 | k2 | Winter TOP | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W/m2K | W/m2K | W/m2K | h | kJ/m2K | kJ/m2K | S | SE | W | E | N | SW | CENTRAL | NW | NE | ||
W1 | 0.033 | 10.559 | 0.409 | 0.136 | 13.3 | 5.95 | 145.38 | 7.4 | 7.23 | 7.32 | 7.32 | 7.27 | 7.23 | 7.46 | 7.13 | 7.13 |
W2 | 0.032 | 10.631 | 1.9 | 0.132 | 13.57 | 26.56 | 146.28 | 7.51 | 7.35 | 7.43 | 7.42 | 7.37 | 7.35 | 7.55 | 7.24 | 7.24 |
W3 | 0.008 | 2.233 | 0.424 | 0.033 | 13.51 | 5.91 | 30.74 | 7.55 | 7.38 | 7.46 | 7.46 | 7.41 | 7.39 | 7.58 | 7.27 | 7.27 |
W4 | 0.019 | 0.423 | 5.841 | 0.078 | 14.53 | 80.43 | 5.93 | 7.78 | 7.65 | 7.69 | 7.69 | 7.63 | 7.65 | 7.76 | 7.53 | 7.52 |
W5 | 0.021 | 2.221 | 5.973 | 0.086 | 15.15 | 82.22 | 30.56 | 7.68 | 7.54 | 7.59 | 7.59 | 7.54 | 7.55 | 7.68 | 7.43 | 7.42 |
Combo 17—Operative Air Temperature (°C) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Annual Temperature | S | SE | W | E | N | SW | Central | NW | NE |
Minimum Value | 11.25 | 10.86 | 11.00 | 10.99 | 10.83 | 10.87 | 11.46 | 10.52 | 10.51 |
Middle Value | 21.09 | 20.94 | 20.74 | 20.72 | 20.17 | 20.96 | 20.73 | 20.11 | 20.09 |
Maximum Value | 30.78 | 30.94 | 31.47 | 30.98 | 29.97 | 31.05 | 30.24 | 30.37 | 30.12 |
Average Monthly Temperature | S | SE | W | E | N | SW | Central | NW | NE |
January | 13.62 | 13.37 | 13.00 | 12.98 | 12.62 | 13.39 | 13.19 | 12.46 | 12.45 |
February | 15.25 | 15.10 | 14.74 | 14.79 | 14.25 | 15.08 | 14.80 | 14.14 | 14.18 |
March | 15.58 | 15.43 | 15.07 | 15.10 | 14.54 | 15.42 | 15.09 | 14.45 | 14.47 |
April | 18.61 | 18.44 | 18.41 | 18.31 | 17.79 | 18.51 | 18.33 | 17.75 | 17.68 |
May | 21.19 | 21.16 | 21.29 | 21.25 | 20.69 | 21.19 | 21.04 | 20.74 | 20.71 |
June | 25.28 | 25.27 | 25.58 | 25.53 | 25.05 | 25.31 | 25.30 | 25.10 | 25.07 |
July | 28.45 | 28.47 | 28.73 | 28.66 | 28.12 | 28.52 | 28.39 | 28.22 | 28.18 |
August | 29.50 | 29.43 | 29.46 | 29.39 | 28.75 | 29.48 | 29.24 | 28.80 | 28.75 |
September | 27.64 | 27.45 | 27.11 | 27.09 | 26.35 | 27.47 | 27.10 | 26.29 | 26.27 |
October | 24.49 | 24.23 | 23.69 | 23.64 | 22.97 | 24.26 | 23.80 | 22.86 | 22.83 |
November | 19.03 | 18.73 | 18.26 | 18.30 | 17.79 | 18.71 | 18.54 | 17.57 | 17.60 |
December | 15.30 | 15.00 | 14.55 | 14.53 | 14.10 | 15.02 | 14.79 | 13.90 | 13.89 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Baglivo, C.; Congedo, P.M.; Di Cataldo, M.; Coluccia, L.D.; D’Agostino, D. Envelope Design Optimization by Thermal Modelling of a Building in a Warm Climate. Energies 2017, 10, 1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111808
Baglivo C, Congedo PM, Di Cataldo M, Coluccia LD, D’Agostino D. Envelope Design Optimization by Thermal Modelling of a Building in a Warm Climate. Energies. 2017; 10(11):1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111808
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaglivo, Cristina, Paolo Maria Congedo, Matteo Di Cataldo, Luigi Damiano Coluccia, and Delia D’Agostino. 2017. "Envelope Design Optimization by Thermal Modelling of a Building in a Warm Climate" Energies 10, no. 11: 1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10111808