China Building Energy Consumption: Definitions and Measures from an Operational Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Analysis of Concept of Building Energy Consumption
2.1. The Definition of Building Energy Consumption
2.2. The Distinction Between Operating Energy and Life Cycle Energy
3. The Statistical Method of the Building Operational Energy Consumption
3.1. The Type of Building
3.2. The Calculation Method
3.3. Data
4. Results
4.1. Residential Building Energy
4.2. Public Building Energy
4.2.1. Building Energy of Transport, Storage and Post Industry
4.2.2. Building Energy of Wholesale, Retail Trade, Hotel, Restaurants, and Others industry
4.2.3. Total Public Building Energy
4.3. Non-Commercial Energy
4.4. Total Building Energy
5. Discussion and Analysis
5.1. National Building Energy Consumption
5.2. Energy Consumption of Central Heating in Buildings
5.3. Structural Composition of Energy Consumption in Buildings
5.4. The Environmental Effects of Building Energy
5.5. Building Energy Saving
6. Conclusions
- China’s BEC without redundancy only accounts for 15–16 per cent of the final energy, rather than about 45 per cent, which is caused by including the energy use of material production, construction and so on. The life cycle building energy is not beneficial to the policy targeted at conservation in a stage of building life cycle.
- Considering the policy relevance, the blurry data is eliminated as much as possible. In particular, the central heat supply of buildings that was repeatedly accounted for in prior studies is deducted. Overall, the proportion of BEC to total energy consumption in China is less than those in developed countries.
- The residential BEC dominates the use of building energy in China, and the major conservative measure is improving the habit of energy usage. The percentage of public BEC to building energy is also increasing while the non-commercial energy consumption has obviously reduced.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Article | Definition | Calculation Items | Approach | Proportion or Amount of the BEC |
---|---|---|---|---|
Long [12] | energy consumed by maintenance function and operation of buildings | heating and other energy use | top-down | about 20% |
Building Energy Research Center of Tsinghua University [13] | civil building energy use of operating period | heating in North Urban China, commercial and public buildings (except central-heating), urban residential buildings (except central-heating), rural residential buildings | bottom-up | 20.6% in 2011 |
Wang [14] | civil building energy use of operating period | energy used in civil, commercial and other departments of Energy Balance of China (except petroleum products consumed by transportation) | top-down | 19.7% in 2004 and 20.7% in 2005 |
Zhang et al. [15] | civil building energy use of operating period | residential buildings and public buildings | bottom-up | 13.77% in 2004 |
Cai et al. [16] | civil building energy use of operating period | urban public building, urban residential building, urban heating supply system, rural residential building | top-down | 717 Mtce in 2009 |
Ma et al. [17] | civil building energy use of operating period | existing rural buildings, existing urban residential buildings, existing urban public buildings | bottom-up | 23% in The 12th Five Year Plan period |
Li and Jiang [18] | energy used by the life cycle of building | energy consumption of building operation, energy consumption of building materials production and indirect energy consumption of buildings | top-down | average 45.5% during 1998–2003 |
Zhang et al. [19] | energy used by the life cycle of building | building materials production energy, construction energy, operation energy, energy savings from recycling | top-down | about 46% during 2001–2013 |
Types of Buildings | Definitions |
---|---|
The civil building | General term of the buildings for people living and public activities |
The residential building | The buildings for people living |
The public building | The buildings for people of various public activities |
Type of Building | Industry sector | |
---|---|---|
Public buildings | Commercial buildings | Wholesale, Retail Trade |
Transportation buildings | Transport, Storage and Post | |
Tourism buildings | Hotel, Restaurants | |
Office buildings and others | Others | |
Residential buildings | Residential Consumption |
Year | 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TSPHC (10000tce) | 25.36 | 28.54 | 27.65 | 29.10 | 41.67 | 36.21 | 55.73 | 55.80 | 61.94 | 50.78 | 55.85 | 67.82 | 77.25 | 78.08 |
Item | Heat (Mtce) |
---|---|
Input (−) or Output (+) of Transformation | 124.33 |
Thermal Power | |
Heating Supply | 123.48 |
Recovery of Energy | 17.39 |
Loss | 1.43 |
Total Final Consumption | 122.90 |
Agriculture, Forestry, Animal Husbandry, Fishery and Water Conservancy | 0.04 |
Industry | 89.21 |
Construction | 0.27 |
Transport, Storage and Post | 0.78 |
Wholesale, Retail Trade and Hotel, Restaurants | 1.73 |
Others | 3.09 |
Residential Consumption | 27.78 |
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Wei, W.; He, L.-Y. China Building Energy Consumption: Definitions and Measures from an Operational Perspective. Energies 2017, 10, 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050582
Wei W, He L-Y. China Building Energy Consumption: Definitions and Measures from an Operational Perspective. Energies. 2017; 10(5):582. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050582
Chicago/Turabian StyleWei, Wei, and Ling-Yun He. 2017. "China Building Energy Consumption: Definitions and Measures from an Operational Perspective" Energies 10, no. 5: 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10050582