Potential of Livestock Generated Biomass: Untapped Energy Source in India
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Indian Scenario
2.1. Energy Scenario in India
2.2. Livestock Scenario
2.3. Energy Conversion Techniques
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Gross Estimate of Amount of Livestock Waste Generated in India
3.2. Determination of the Potential of Biogas and Power Generation
4. Data Reporting and Results
4.1. Potential Quantifiable Sources of Livestock Dung
4.2. Potential for Biogas Production
4.3. Estimates of Methane Yield and Corresponding Heating Value Obtainable from Biomass
4.4. Calculation of Electrical Potential
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Units Used | |
MU | Million Units |
BU | Billion Units |
MW | Mega Watts |
MJ | Mega Joules |
MT | Million Tones |
kWh | Kilowatt hours |
TWh | Terawatt hours |
PJ | Peta Joules |
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Year | Energy Requirements (MUs) | Energy Achieved (MUs) | Energy Surplus(+)/Deficit(−) (%) | Peak Energy Demand (MW) | Peak Energy Achieved (MW) | Peak Energy Surplus(+)/Deficit(−) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2009–2010 | 830,594 | 746,644 | −10.1 | 119,166 | 104,009 | −12.7 |
2010–2011 | 861,591 | 788,355 | −8.5 | 122,287 | 110,256 | −9.8 |
2011–2012 | 937,199 | 857,886 | −8.5 | 130,006 | 116,191 | −10.6 |
2012–2013 | 995,557 | 908,652 | −8.7 | 135,453 | 123,294 | −9.0 |
2013–2014 | 1,002,257 | 959,829 | −4.2 | 135,918 | 129,815 | −4.5 |
2014–2015 | 1,068,923 | 1,030,785 | −3.6 | 148,166 | 141,160 | −4.7 |
2015–2016 | 1,114,408 | 1,090,850 | −2.1 | 153,366 | 148,463 | −3.2 |
2016–2017 | 1,142,092 | 1,134,633 | −0.7 | 159,542 | 156,934 | −1.6 |
Provinces/Union Territories | Large Animal Dung (MT) | Small Animal Dung (MT) | Pigs Dung (MT) | Poultry Dung (MT) | Total Dung (MT) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra P | 166 | 21 | 0.4 | 2.7 | 190.1 |
Assam | 88 | 4 | 1.5 | 0.5 | 94 |
Bihar | 163 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 170.8 |
Chhattisgarh | 92 | 2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 94.7 |
Gujurat | 167 | 4 | 0 | 0.2 | 171.2 |
Haryana | 65 | 1 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 66.9 |
Jarkhand | 81 | 4 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 86.1 |
Karnataka | 107 | 8 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 116.2 |
Madhya P | 228 | 5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 233.4 |
Maharashtra | 173 | 6 | 0.3 | 1.2 | 180.5 |
Odisha | 101 | 5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 106.6 |
Punjab | 62 | 0.4 | 0 | 0.3 | 62.7 |
Rajasthan | 216 | 18 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 234.4 |
Tamil N | 79 | 7.6 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 88.7 |
Uttra P | 412 | 10 | 1.4 | 0.3 | 423.7 |
W. Bengal | 141 | 7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 149.5 |
HP | 24 | 1 | 0 | 0.1 | 25.1 |
J & K | 29 | 3 | 0 | 0.2 | 32.2 |
Others | 66 | 3 | 2.5 | 0.7 | 72.2 |
Total | 2460 | 117 | 10.1 | 11.9 | 2599 |
Provinces/Union Territories | Large Animal Biogas (Million m3) | Small Animal Biogas (Million m3) | Pigs Biogas (Million m3) | Poultry Biogas (Million m3) | Total Biogas (Million m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra P | 17,430 | 420 | 55.68 | 375.84 | 18,281.5 |
Assam | 9240 | 80 | 208.8 | 69.6 | 9598.4 |
Bihar | 17,115 | 140 | 83.52 | 27.84 | 17,366.3 |
Chhattisgarh | 9660 | 40 | 55.68 | 41.76 | 9797.4 |
Gujurat | 17,535 | 80 | 0 | 27.84 | 6970.28 |
Haryana | 6825 | 20 | 27.84 | 97.44 | 66.9 |
Jarkhand | 8505 | 80 | 125.28 | 27.84 | 8738.1 |
Karnataka | 11,235 | 160 | 41.76 | 125.28 | 11,562 |
Madhya P | 23,940 | 100 | 27.84 | 27.84 | 24,095.6 |
Maharashtra | 18,165 | 120 | 41.76 | 167.04 | 18,493.8 |
Odisha | 10,605 | 100 | 41.76 | 41.76 | 10,788.5 |
Punjab | 6510 | 8 | 0 | 41.76 | 6559.7 |
Rajasthan | 22,680 | 360 | 41.76 | 13.92 | 23,095.6 |
Tamil N | 8295 | 152 | 27.84 | 264.48 | 8739.32 |
Uttra P | 43,260 | 200 | 194.88 | 41.76 | 43,696.6 |
W. Bengal | 14,805 | 140 | 83.52 | 125.28 | 15,153.8 |
HP | 2520 | 20 | 0 | 13.92 | 2553.9 |
J & K | 3045 | 60 | 0 | 27.84 | 3132.8 |
Others | 6930 | 60 | 348 | 97.44 | 7435.44 |
Total | 258,300 | 2340 | 1405.9 | 1656.48 | 263,702.4 |
Provinces/Union Territories | Large Animal Potential (TWh) | Small Animal Potential (TWh) | Pigs Potential (TWh) | Poultry Potential (TWh) | Total Eletrical Potential (TWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Andhra P | 31.57 | 0.57 | 0.1 | 0.68 | 32.92 |
Assam | 16.73 | 0.11 | 0.38 | 0.13 | 17.35 |
Bihar | 31 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 31.4 |
Chhattisgarh | 17.5 | 0.054 | 0.10 | 0.076 | 17.8 |
Gujurat | 31.76 | 0.11 | 0 | 0.050 | 31.92 |
Haryana | 12.36 | 0.027 | 0.050 | 0.18 | 12.61 |
Jarkhand | 15.4 | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.050 | 15.79 |
Karnataka | 20.35 | 0.22 | 076 | 0.23 | 20.87 |
Madhya P | 43.36 | 0.14 | 0.050 | 0.050 | 43.6 |
Maharashtra | 32.9 | 0.16 | 0.076 | 0.3 | 34.34 |
Odisha | 19.2 | 0.14 | 0.076 | 0.076 | 19.5 |
Punjab | 11.8 | 0.011 | 0 | 0.076 | 11.88 |
Rajasthan | 41.08 | 0.49 | 0.075 | 0.025 | 41.67 |
Tamil N | 15.02 | 0.20 | 0.05 | 0.48 | 15.76 |
Uttra P | 78.35 | 0.27 | 0.35 | 0.076 | 79.05 |
Bengal | 26.81 | 0.19 | 0.15 | 0.23 | 27.38 |
HP | 4.56 | 0.027 | 0 | 0.025 | 4.62 |
J & K | 5.51 | 0.082 | 0 | 0.050 | 5.65 |
Others | 12.55 | 0.082 | 0.63 | 0.18 | 13.44 |
Total | 467.81 | 3.18 | 2.55 | 3 | 476.53 |
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Kaur, G.; Brar, Y.S.; Kothari, D.P. Potential of Livestock Generated Biomass: Untapped Energy Source in India. Energies 2017, 10, 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070847
Kaur G, Brar YS, Kothari DP. Potential of Livestock Generated Biomass: Untapped Energy Source in India. Energies. 2017; 10(7):847. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070847
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaur, Gagandeep, Yadwinder Singh Brar, and D.P. Kothari. 2017. "Potential of Livestock Generated Biomass: Untapped Energy Source in India" Energies 10, no. 7: 847. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070847