Advantages of Using Supercapacitors and Silicon Carbide on Hybrid Vehicle Series Architecture
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Vehicle and Road Missions
2.1. Control Logic
2.2. Internal Combustion Engine
2.3. Vehicle Features
2.4. Road Missions
3. Electric Components and Power Electronics Modelling
3.1. Electric Machines
3.2. Inverters
3.3. Supercapacitor Storage
3.4. DC-DC Converter
4. Simulation Results
4.1. Electric Powertrain Efficiency
4.2. Powertrain Fuel Economy
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Vehicle Features | Values |
---|---|
Vehicle mass 1 [kg] | 1450 |
Rolling coefficient | 0.01 |
Aerodynamic drag coefficient | 0.25 |
Vehicle front area [m2] | 2.3 |
Wheel radius [m] | 0.3 |
Final gear ratio | 8 |
Differential gear efficiency | 0.97 |
Air density [kg/m3] | 1.22 |
ICE maximum power 2 [kW] | 40 |
ICE rated power 3 [kW] | 20 |
ICE rated speed 4 [rpm] | 2500 |
Road Missions | Average Speed [km/h] | Maximum Speed [km/h] | Length [km] | Elevation [m] | Maximum Road Slope [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
US06 | 78 | 130 | 13 | - | - |
UDDS | 31 | 90 | 12 | - | - |
HWFET | 78 | 97 | 16.5 | - | - |
Urban | 24 | 57 | 11.4 | 20 | negligible |
Fast-urban | 27 | 68 | 22 | 62 | 6 |
Extra-urban | 45 | 80 | 36 | 300 | 9 |
Electric Machine Features | Values |
---|---|
Traction Machine Maximum Torque [Nm] | 230 |
Traction machine base speed [rpm] | 3500 |
Traction machine maximum speed [rpm] | 12,000 |
Traction machine estimated weight 1 [kg] | 40 |
Generator maximum torque 2 [Nm] | 400 |
Generator base speed 3 [rpm] | 1750 |
Generator estimated weight [kg] | 40 |
Electric converters estimated weight [kg] | 15 |
DC link voltage [V] | 650 |
Storage Features | Values |
---|---|
Elementary Cell Used | BCAP3000 P300 K04 |
Number of series cells | 165 |
Total mass [kg] | 86 |
Capacitance [F] | 18.2 |
Nominal voltage [V] | 495 |
ESR 1 [mΩ] | 44.6 |
Nominal power 2 [kW] | 662 |
Useful energy 3 [Wh] | 465 |
ASM Parameters | Si | SiC |
---|---|---|
VCE | 1 V | 0 |
RT | 0.003 Ω | 4.2 mΩ |
VAK | 1 V | 0.85 V |
RD | 0.002 Ω | 2.4 mΩ |
Power Electronics | Road Missions | η SC (Charge) | η SC (Discharge) | η DC/DC (Charge) | η DC/DC (Discharge) | η Traction Machine | η Traction Machine Inverter | η Generator | η Generator Inverter |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Si | US06 | 0.988 | 0.988 | 0.978 | 0.978 | 0.954 | 0.988 | 0.961 | 0.991 |
UDDS | 0.992 | 0.995 | 0.975 | 0.967 | 0.941 | 0.979 | 0.961 | 0.991 | |
HWFET | 0.991 | 0.995 | 0.979 | 0.975 | 0.958 | 0.992 | 0.961 | 0.991 | |
Urban | 0.990 | 0.993 | 0.970 | 0.969 | 0.935 | 0.975 | 0.961 | 0.991 | |
Fast urban | 0.990 | 0.993 | 0.974 | 0.965 | 0.935 | 0.977 | 0.961 | 0.991 | |
Extra-urban | 0.991 | 0.992 | 0.977 | 0.975 | 0.953 | 0.986 | 0.961 | 0.991 | |
SiC | US06 | 0.988 | 0.989 | 0.991 | 0.991 | 0.954 | 0.994 | 0.961 | 0.994 |
UDDS | 0.991 | 0.995 | 0.991 | 0.986 | 0.941 | 0.992 | 0.961 | 0.994 | |
HWFET | 0.991 | 0.995 | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.958 | 0.997 | 0.961 | 0.994 | |
Urban | 0.989 | 0.992 | 0.990 | 0.988 | 0.935 | 0.990 | 0.961 | 0.994 | |
Fast urban | 0.993 | 0.991 | 0.989 | 0.984 | 0.935 | 0.991 | 0.961 | 0.994 | |
Extra-urban | 0.991 | 0.993 | 0.992 | 0.990 | 0.953 | 0.994 | 0.961 | 0.994 |
Power Electronics | Road Missions | η Electric Powertrain |
---|---|---|
Si | US06 | 84% |
UDDS | 82% | |
HWFET | 85% | |
Urban | 80% | |
Fast urban | 80% | |
Extra-urban | 84% | |
SiC | US06 | 87% |
UDDS | 86% | |
HWFET | 89% | |
Urban | 85% | |
Fast urban | 85% | |
Extra-urban | 87% |
Road Missions | Parallel | Series (Battery + Si) | Series (SC + Si) | Series (SC + SiC) |
---|---|---|---|---|
US06 | 17.6 | 16.8 | 19.8 | 20.7 |
UDDS | 23.7 | 25.1 | 31.5 | 34.7 |
HWFET | 23.8 | 23.1 | 26.6 | 27.6 |
Urban | 26.9 | 23.2 | 31.4 | 35 |
Fast-urban | 27.4 | 24.9 | 32.1 | 35.3 |
Extra-urban | 29.9 | 25.7 | 33.6 | 36 |
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Passalacqua, M.; Lanzarotto, D.; Repetto, M.; Marchesoni, M. Advantages of Using Supercapacitors and Silicon Carbide on Hybrid Vehicle Series Architecture. Energies 2017, 10, 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070920
Passalacqua M, Lanzarotto D, Repetto M, Marchesoni M. Advantages of Using Supercapacitors and Silicon Carbide on Hybrid Vehicle Series Architecture. Energies. 2017; 10(7):920. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070920
Chicago/Turabian StylePassalacqua, Massimiliano, Damiano Lanzarotto, Matteo Repetto, and Mario Marchesoni. 2017. "Advantages of Using Supercapacitors and Silicon Carbide on Hybrid Vehicle Series Architecture" Energies 10, no. 7: 920. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10070920