Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Chemical Activation
2.2. Characterization of Activated Semi-Coke Samples
2.3. Application of Activated Semi-Coke to Flue Gas Treatment
2.4. Computational Modeling of SO2 Adsorption at a Pilot Scale
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Impact of Activation on Semi-Coke
3.2. Ability of Semi-Coke Sorbents to Adsorb SO2
3.3. Simulated Pilot Scale Removal of SO2 Using Semi-Coke Sorbents
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | BET Surface Area m2/g | Volatile Carbon wt% | Fixed Carbon wt% | Ash wt% |
---|---|---|---|---|
OS | 8.2 ± 0.3 | 21.24 ± 0.40 | 0.28 ± 0.01 | 78.48 ± 1.49 |
SC | 15.4 ± 1.3 | 13.50 ± 0.26 | 0.36 ± 0.03 | 86.14 ± 1.64 |
SC-HCl | 89.0 ± 1.5 | 9.37 ± 0.17 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 90.33 ± 1.11 |
SC-HCl-HCl | 159.2 ± 3.2 | 9.77 ± 0.88 | 1.12 ± 0.03 | 89.11 ± 8.50 |
SC-HCl-KOH | 123.7 ± 4.1 | 7.34 ± 0.49 | 1.03 ± 0.07 | 91.63 ± 6.12 |
Adsorption Temperature °C | SC-HCl | SC-HCl-HCl | SC-HCl-KOH | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adsorption Uptake Rate mg/(gC)/min | SO2 Adsorbed mg/(gC) | Adsorption Uptake Rate mg/(gC)/min | SO2 Adsorbed mg/(gC) | Adsorption Uptake Rate mg/(gC)/min | SO2 Adsorbed mg/(gC) | |
40 | 27 ± 0.3 | 53 ± 1.064 | 28 ± 0.2 | 71 ± 0.9 | 34 ± 0.1 | 68 ± 0.488 |
60 | 30 ± 0.7 | 30 ± 1.106 | 30 ± 0.7 | 60 ± 2.3 | 64 ± 1.3 | 45 ± 1.543 |
80 | 10 ± 0.5 | 28 ± 2.44 | 17 ± 0.2 | 42 ± 0.9 | 13 ± 0.6 | 38 ± 2.862 |
110 | 9.2 ± 0.5 | 13 ± 1.159 | 11 ± 0.7 | 19 ± 2.2 | 9.1 ± 0.4 | 19 ± 1.494 |
150 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 5.3 ± 0.496 | 2.3 ± 0.2 | 5.7 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 6.2 ± 0.409 |
Adsorption Temperature °C | qe, Exp mg/(gC) | qe, Model mg/(gC) | k (gC)/mg/min |
---|---|---|---|
SC-HCl | |||
40 | 76 ± 2 | 79 | 1.3 × 10−2 ± 1.1 × 10−3 |
60 | 60 ± 3 | 63 | 9.9 × 10−3 ± 2.4 × 10−3 |
80 | 36 ± 4 | 36 | 6.3 × 10−2 ± 7.3 × 10−4 |
110 | 21 ± 2 | 22 | 6.7 × 10−2 ± 1.8 × 10−3 |
Ea | 28.9 ± 0.7 kJ/mol | ||
SC-HCl-HCl | |||
40 | 115 ± 3 | 122 | 3.9 × 10−3 ± 9.1 × 10−4 |
60 | 84 ± 1 | 86 | 1.4 × 10−2 ± 1.2 × 10−3 |
80 | 56 ± 2 | 57 | 2.6 × 10−2 ± 4.4 × 10−4 |
110 | 28 ± 1 | 26 | 4.0 × 10−2 ± 7.1 × 10−4 |
Ea | 32.5±1.3 kJ/mol | ||
SC-HCl-KOH | |||
40 | 88 ± 1 | 91 | 1.6 × 10−2 ± 5.2 × 10−4 |
60 | 70 ± 3 | 72 | 1.2 × 10−2 ± 7.3 × 10−4 |
80 | 45 ± 2 | 46 | 4.4 × 10−2 ± 8.3 × 10−4 |
110 | 25 ± 2 | 27 | 4.2 × 10−2 ± 1.0 × 10−3 |
Ea | 17.3 ± 1.1 kJ/mol |
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Dupre, K.; Ryan, E.M.; Suleimenov, A.; Goldfarb, J.L. Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent. Energies 2018, 11, 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113195
Dupre K, Ryan EM, Suleimenov A, Goldfarb JL. Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113195
Chicago/Turabian StyleDupre, Kathleen, Emily M. Ryan, Azat Suleimenov, and Jillian L. Goldfarb. 2018. "Experimental and Computational Demonstration of a Low-Temperature Waste to By-Product Conversion of U.S. Oil Shale Semi-Coke to a Flue Gas Sorbent" Energies 11, no. 11: 3195. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113195