An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Gasification of Miscanthus Briquettes in a Double-Stage Downdraft Gasifier: Syngas, Tar, and Biochar Characterization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Biomass
2.2. Double Air Stage Downdraft Gasifier
2.3. Operational Procedures
2.4. Experimental Planning
- The temperature in the different gasifier zones.
- CO, CH4, and H2 concentrations of the producer gas using the gas analyzer systems: BINOS 100, and HYDROS 100 (Emerson Process Management, Hasselroth, Germany). The uncertainty of BINOS 100 is ±0.2%, while that of HYDROS 100 is ±0.01%
- The syngas content for equivalence ratio between 0.2 to 0.45
- The biochar surface area was analyzed using a Nova 4200 instrument and a Hitachi S-4800 SEM instrument (Emerson Process Management, Hasselroth, Germany)
- Tar was collected using a set of six impingers, five of which contain isopropanol at a temperature of less than 0 °C. The average tar collected at steady state and content is obtained in mg/Nm3.
3. Mass and Energy Balance
3.1. Model Formulation
3.2. Model Validation
4. Results
4.1. Gas Composition and Analysis
4.2. Comparison to Simulation Model
4.3. Performance of Variables
4.4. Biochar
4.5. Tar Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | Ash content (%) |
A/F | Air Fuel |
a1…a8 | Stoichiometric coefficients of gasification products reaction |
Carbon | |
Specific Heat (kJ/kgK) | |
CGE | Cold gas efficiency (%) |
c1…c7 | Burcat polynomial coefficients |
ER | Equivalence ratio |
Gibbs Equation (kJ/kmol) | |
Specific enthalpy (kJ/kg) | |
H | Hydrogen |
Formation enthalpy (kJ/kmol) | |
Equilibrium constant | |
Mass (kg) | |
M | Molecular mass (kg/kmol) |
Biomass moisture-umid basis% | |
N | Nitrogen |
OP | Oxygen concentration (%) |
O | Oxygen |
HV | Heat Value (kJ/kg) |
LHV | Low heat value (kJ/kg) |
HHV | High heat value (kJ/kg) |
SB | Steam biomass ratio |
S | Sulfur % |
s | Specific entropy (kJ/kgK) |
v | Number of sulfur atoms contained in biomass |
x | Number of carbon atoms contained in biomass |
Molar fraction | |
Stoichiometric coefficients | |
y | Number of hydrogen atoms contained in biomass |
Gas yield (kg gás/kg biomass) | |
w | Number of nitrogen atoms contained in biomass |
z | Number of oxygen atoms contained in biomass |
Subscripts | |
db | dry basis |
bio | biomass |
drybio | dry biomass |
c | combustion |
c | carbon |
stoich | stoichiometric |
c | cold |
g | gas |
g | gasification |
h | hydrogen |
i | component |
j | product |
l | líquid |
lv | líquid vapor |
m | mass |
n | nitrogen |
o | oxygen |
piro | pyrolysis |
p | constant pressure |
p | product |
r | reagent |
s | solid |
s | sulfur |
T | temperature |
w | wet |
v | vapor, volumetric |
v | stoichiometric coefficient for sulfur |
x | stoichiometric coefficient for carbon |
y | stoichiometric coefficient for hydrogen |
z | stoichiometric coefficient for oxygen |
w | stoichiometric coefficient for nitrogen |
Greek letters | |
α | Molar content of moisture biomass |
β | Air molar content |
γ | Molar content of water vapor |
δ | Nitrogen molar content |
ν | Matrix of stoichiometric coefficients |
ω | Percentage in elementary analysis (%) |
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Proximate Analysis | Ultimate Analysis | ||
---|---|---|---|
Moisture | 11.6% | Carbon | 48.6% |
Volatile Matter | 67.1% | Hydrogen | 6% |
Fixed Carbon | 16.9% | Nitrogen | 0.3% |
Ash | 4.4 | Sulfur | 0.1% |
Total | 100.0% | Oxygen | 45.0% |
LHV (MJ/kg) | 16.3 | Total | 100% |
Run | Gasification Parameters | CO | H2 | CO2 | CH4 | RMS | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | ER | SB | OP | E | M | E | M | E | M | E | M | - |
1 | 0.35 | 0 | 21 | 15.80 | 24.57 | 8.70 | 17.03 | 15.10 | 9.68 | 5.10 | 2.08 | 6.08 |
2 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 21 | 15.40 | 19.30 | 11.90 | 19.26 | 15.90 | 13.96 | 4.80 | 3.27 | 3.89 |
3 | 0.33 | 0.45 | 21 | 13.80 | 14.46 | 13.30 | 20.12 | 17.00 | 17.56 | 4.60 | 4.12 | 3.09 |
4 | 0.27 | 0.23 | 21 | 15.00 | 17.62 | 14.00 | 18.90 | 16.20 | 16.67 | 4.70 | 6.46 | 2.64 |
5 | 0.27 | 0.43 | 21 | 11.90 | 12.96 | 16.20 | 19.67 | 18.60 | 20.12 | 5.30 | 7.28 | 1.97 |
6 | 0.36 | 0.32 | 30 | 18.90 | 24.24 | 16.40 | 24.20 | 17.60 | 15.42 | 5.50 | 2.00 | 4.63 |
7 | 0.35 | 0.60 | 30 | 15.70 | 18.18 | 18.30 | 25.70 | 18.80 | 19.93 | 5.70 | 3.24 | 3.74 |
8 | 0.25 | 0.31 | 30 | 20.80 | 21.40 | 20.00 | 24.53 | 15.80 | 19.30 | 6.70 | 7.38 | 2.60 |
9 | 0.24 | 0.58 | 30 | 15.30 | 14.39 | 22.30 | 25.24 | 20.30 | 24.66 | 7.10 | 9.29 | 2.61 |
10 | 0.38 | 0.33 | 35 | 20.00 | 26.57 | 17.50 | 25.38 | 16.80 | 16.06 | 5.60 | 1.55 | 4.97 |
11 | 0.34 | 0.56 | 35 | 17.50 | 21.06 | 21.80 | 27.89 | 18.00 | 20.24 | 6.10 | 3.31 | 3.61 |
12 | 0.27 | 0.31 | 35 | 23.90 | 24.86 | 22.40 | 27.06 | 12.60 | 18.35 | 7.30 | 5.74 | 3.46 |
13 | 0.26 | 0.63 | 35 | 19.30 | 16.57 | 25.10 | 28.10 | 16.20 | 24.53 | 7.40 | 7.76 | 4.24 |
14 | 0.32 | 0.10 | 40 | 27.40 | 35.26 | 18.30 | 26.84 | 16.20 | 12.23 | 7.30 | 2.31 | 5.94 |
15 | 0.33 | 0.29 | 40 | 25.10 | 25.54 | 23.10 | 28.37 | 13.70 | 16.15 | 6.50 | 2.58 | 3.23 |
16 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 40 | 23.90 | 27.93 | 22.30 | 28.29 | 14.60 | 17.24 | 6.70 | 2.23 | 4.08 |
17 | 0.32 | 0.54 | 40 | 20.20 | 22.85 | 24.50 | 29.89 | 16.70 | 20.97 | 6.90 | 3.92 | 3.67 |
18 | 0.33 | 0.57 | 40 | 19.30 | 22.51 | 25.70 | 29.87 | 17.00 | 21.15 | 6.70 | 3.61 | 3.44 |
19 | 0.26 | 0.30 | 40 | 28.50 | 26.84 | 25.70 | 28.57 | 9.20 | 18.68 | 8.10 | 6.18 | 4.66 |
20 | 0.24 | 0.56 | 40 | 23.50 | 18.70 | 27.50 | 29.33 | 14.60 | 24.81 | 7.70 | 8.75 | 5.22 |
- | Average | 3.89 |
ER | H2 % | CO% | CH4 % |
---|---|---|---|
0.2 | 11.2 | 10.97 | 1.03 |
0.35 | 18.68 | 20.29 | 0.86 |
0.45 | 17.07 | 19.43 | 1.22 |
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Share and Cite
Sharma, T.; Yepes Maya, D.M.; M. Nascimento, F.R.; Shi, Y.; Ratner, A.; Silva Lora, E.E.; Mendes Neto, L.J.; Escobar Palacios, J.C.; Vieira Andrade, R. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Gasification of Miscanthus Briquettes in a Double-Stage Downdraft Gasifier: Syngas, Tar, and Biochar Characterization. Energies 2018, 11, 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113225
Sharma T, Yepes Maya DM, M. Nascimento FR, Shi Y, Ratner A, Silva Lora EE, Mendes Neto LJ, Escobar Palacios JC, Vieira Andrade R. An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Gasification of Miscanthus Briquettes in a Double-Stage Downdraft Gasifier: Syngas, Tar, and Biochar Characterization. Energies. 2018; 11(11):3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113225
Chicago/Turabian StyleSharma, Tejasvi, Diego M. Yepes Maya, Francisco Regis M. Nascimento, Yunye Shi, Albert Ratner, Electo E. Silva Lora, Lourival Jorge Mendes Neto, Jose Carlos Escobar Palacios, and Rubenildo Vieira Andrade. 2018. "An Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Gasification of Miscanthus Briquettes in a Double-Stage Downdraft Gasifier: Syngas, Tar, and Biochar Characterization" Energies 11, no. 11: 3225. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11113225