Sizing Methodology of a Multi-Mirror Solar Concentrated Hybrid PV/Thermal System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Theoretical Modelling
2.1. Linear Fresnel Mirror Reflecting Concentrator (LFMRC) System
2.2. Concentration Ratio (CR) and Ray Trace Technique
2.3. Electrical and Thermal Analyses
- -
- The heat rates
- -
- The unknown temperature of solar cell
- -
- The coolant outlet
- -
- The cooling plate
- -
- And the receiver insulated back surface.
3. Findings and Analysis
3.1. Characteristics Analysis of an LFRSC System
3.2. Receiver Design and Performance Results
3.3. Concentrator Photovoltaic/Thermal (CPVT) Collector
4. Comparison Validation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
Nomenclature | |
a | Receiver width, (m) |
A | Area, (m2) |
AD | Width of mirror, (m) |
Aap | Apparatus area, (m2) |
Aac | Mirror actual area, (m2) |
APV | Photovoltaic (cell) area, (m2) |
AR | Receiver area, (m2) |
cp | Specific heat, (J/K. kg) |
CR | Concentration ratio, (#) |
D | Tube diameter, (m) |
Gr | Grashof number, (#) |
h | Specific enthalpy, (J/kg) |
hc | Heat transfer coefficient for convection, (W/K m2) |
H | Height of insulation air layer, (m) |
I | Radiation flux intensity, (W/m2) |
IR | Receiver flux intensity, (W/m2) |
ID | Direct radiation flux intensity, (W/m2) |
k | Thermal conductivity, (W/K m) |
kb | Boltzmann’s constant, (1.381 × 10−23 J/K) |
kT/q | Thermal voltage, (0.02586 V at (300 K)) |
L | Characteristic length, (m) |
Lap | Apparatus length, (m) |
Lc | Length of receiver surface, (m) |
LPV | Photovoltaic (Cell) length, (m) |
ṁ | Mass flow rate of fluid, (kg/sec) |
Nu | Nusselt number, (#) |
Pele | Electric output power, (W) |
Pr | Prandtl number, (#) |
Qcool | Thermal heat transfer to the water (gain heat), (W) |
Qth | Thermal output power, (W) |
Qrad | Thermal heat loss due to radiation, (W) |
Qabs-cells | Radiation absorbed by the solar cells, (W) |
Qabs-glass | Radiation absorbed in the glass-silicone cover, (W) |
Qins | Thermal heat transfer through the insulation, (W) |
Qcon | Thermal heat loss due to convection, (W) |
Ra | Rayleigh number, (#) |
Re | Reynolds number, (#) |
T | Temperature, (K) |
Tamb | Ambient temperature, (K) |
Tinl | Inlet flow temperature, (K) |
Tm | Mean Fluid temperature, (K) |
Tout | Outlet flow temperature, (K) |
Tred | Reduced temperature, (K m2/W) |
Uloss | Overall loss coefficient, (W/m K) |
v | Velocity, (m/s) |
W | Apparatus width, (m) |
WPV | Photovoltaic (Cell) width, (m) |
Greek Symbols | |
α | Absorption, and the mirror angle |
δ | Thickness of layer, (m) |
ε | Emissivity coefficient, (#) |
ηCTE | Combined thermal and electric efficiency, (#) |
ηTh | Thermal efficiency, (#) |
ηele | Electrical efficiency, (#) |
θ | Angle of incidence of radiation (the angle between the sun and the zenith) |
λ | wavelength |
μ | Dynamic viscosity, (kg/m.sec) |
ν | Kinematic viscosity = μ/ρ, (m2/sec) |
σ | Stefan-Boltzmann constant, (5.67 × 10−8 W/m2·K4) |
τα | Transmission-absorption coefficient, (#) |
τPV | Transmission coefficient for layers above PV, (#) |
Subscripts/Superscripts | |
ap | apparatus |
ac | actual |
amb | ambient |
c | cell |
ca | from cells to absorber |
crit | critical |
D | Direct |
ele | electric |
inv | inverter |
opt | optical |
max | maximum |
R | Receiver |
Abbreviations | |
CPV | Concentrated Photovoltaic |
CPV/T | Concentrated hybrid Photovoltaic/Thermal |
CPC | Compound parabolic concentrator |
CST | Concentrating Solar Thermal |
FPPV | Flat-Plate Photovoltaic |
LFRSC | Linear Fresnel reflector solar concentrator |
LFMRC | Linear Fresnel Mirror Reflecting Concentrator |
PV | Photovoltaic |
PV/T | Photovoltaic/Thermal |
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Position (Layer) | Matter | Layer Thickness, t (m) | Material Thermal Conductivity, k (W/m K) | Sum Thermal Resistance (Km2/W) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cover glass | Ceria-doped glass | 3 × 10−3 | 1.4 | ||
Adhesive (room temperature vulcanization) | Optical grade silicone | 1 × 10−4 | 145 | ||
Top half of cell | Silicon | 6 × 10−5 | 145 | Rg-c = 2.14 × 10−3 | |
Bottom half of cell | Silicon | 6 × 10−5 | 145 | ||
Solder | Sn:Pb:As | 1 × 10−4 | 50 | ||
Substrate | Aluminum nitride | 2 × 10−3 | 120 | Rc-s = 1.91 × 10−5 | |
Other Parameter | |||||
Symbol | Description | Value | |||
T0 | Ambient temperature | 25 °C | |||
E | Hemispherical surface emissivity | 0.855 | |||
ηOPT | Optical efficiency | 0.85 | |||
Σ | Constant of Stephan–Boltzmann | 567.0 × 10−10 W/m2 K−4 | |||
Rconv | Convective thermal resistance | 0.2 K m2/W | |||
A | Cell efficiency constant | 55.46 × 10−2 | |||
B | Cell efficiency constant | 1.84 × 10−4 K−1 |
Receiver Type | Efficiency (%) | |
---|---|---|
Thermal | Electric | |
PV module | - | 9.68 |
Conventional thermal collector | 83.12 | -- |
PV/T-collector 0 glass cover | 52.50 | 9.68 |
PV/T-collector 1 glass cover | 58.12 | 8.87 |
PV/T-collector 2 glass covers | 58.12 | 8.12 |
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Gomaa, M.R.; Mustafa, R.J.; Rezk, H.; Al-Dhaifallah, M.; Al-Salaymeh, A. Sizing Methodology of a Multi-Mirror Solar Concentrated Hybrid PV/Thermal System. Energies 2018, 11, 3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123276
Gomaa MR, Mustafa RJ, Rezk H, Al-Dhaifallah M, Al-Salaymeh A. Sizing Methodology of a Multi-Mirror Solar Concentrated Hybrid PV/Thermal System. Energies. 2018; 11(12):3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123276
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomaa, Mohamed R., Ramadan J. Mustafa, Hegazy Rezk, Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah, and A. Al-Salaymeh. 2018. "Sizing Methodology of a Multi-Mirror Solar Concentrated Hybrid PV/Thermal System" Energies 11, no. 12: 3276. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11123276