Energy Flexometer: Transactive Energy-Based Internet of Things Technology
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Design and Concept of Energy Flexometer
2.1. Concept
2.2. Design
2.3. Energy Meter
2.4. Energy Logger
2.5. Energy Elasticity Learner
3. Demand Elasticity Estimation
3.1. State Space and Action Space
3.2. The Objective Function
3.3. Action Selection
Algorithm 1: Demand Elasticity Estimation Algorithm. |
|
3.4. Simulation of Demand Elasticity by using the Algorithm
4. Physical Implementation
4.1. Measurement System Design
4.2. Finite State Machine
4.3. Knowledge Base
5. Evaluation
5.1. Experiment Design
5.2. Performance Metrics
5.3. Results
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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NV Name | Description |
---|---|
nviTimeSet | Synchronization and time settings for measurement purpose |
nviEnergyClear | Reset or initialize the electricity consumption total |
nviSwitch | Load control input—to provide external signals (e.g., an request for energy reduction sent by the provider to the customer in DR services) |
Total active energy—meter value output | |
nvoRegValueEnergy | Total active energy—this NV cannot be reset |
nvoEnergyClearTime | Date and time of resetting nvoEnergy |
nvoPower | Total active energy—meter value output |
nvoVoltage | Phase voltage mean value |
nvoCurrent | Phase current mean value |
nvoFreq | Fundamental voltage frequency |
nvoStatus | Device status report/info |
nvoPowerUpHours | Operating hours since the last time operating at which the device was switched ON |
nvoSwitch | Load control output—providing direct control of device or group of loads, taking into account demand analysis results, by changing the state of the relay actuator |
cpParamSendDelta | Send on Delta send condition setting (Param can be energy, current, etc.) |
cpParamMaxSendTime | Polling time send condition setting (Param can be energy, current, etc.) |
cpLocation | Installation location and logger ID |
NV Name | Description |
---|---|
nviTimeSet | Synchronization and time settings for logging purpose |
nviResetEnergy | Reset or initialize the nvoEnergy |
nviResetDemandPeak | Reset Demand Peak NVs |
nviPeriodChoice | Historical period of when data are saved to the meter |
nviTimeSelection | Historical time selection |
nviEndPeriod | Measuring period ending input |
nviRegisterState | Register state selection input |
nviRegisterValue | Send value to the energy register object via the network |
nvoEnergy | Total active energy—copy of the current meter value (for the last month). It could provide other historical data as well |
nvoRegValueEnergy | Current value of the energy register with a time stamp and status bits |
nvoEnergyHistTime | Register historical time output |
nvoDemand | Demand power (average power over demand period) |
nvoDemandPeak | Peak demand power |
nvoDemandPeakTime | Time and date of peak demand |
nvoMeasurePeriod | The length of the measuring period |
nvoStatus | Device status report/info |
cpLogMinutes | Logging interval. Default: 15 min |
cpDemandPerMinutes | Demand period: 5 min to 1440 min. Default: 15 min |
cpDemandSubinterval | Rolling demand subinterval count: 1–8. Default: 1 |
cpHighLimit | Definition of the highest normal value of the register |
cpBaseValue | Definition of the base value of the register |
cpEnergyMaxSendTime | Polling time send condition setting (Param can be energy, current, etc.) |
cpEnergySendDelta | Send on Delta send condition setting (Param can be energy, current, etc.) |
cpRegisterName | Definition of the register name |
cpLocation | Installation location and logger ID |
NV Name | Description |
---|---|
nviTimeSet | Synchronization and time settings for learning purpose |
nviDemand | Demand value input from IoT Energy Logger |
nviPrice | Customer preferences parameter which may affect demand—Price |
nviOccupancy | Customer preferences parameter which may affect demand—Occupancy |
nviParam (start time) | Agent start time |
nviParam (stop time) | Agent stop time |
nviParam (etc…) | customer preferences input parameter which may affect demand |
nvoExpDemand | Expected demand value (calculated) |
nvoAbsError | Absolute error value (of calculation) |
nvoAbsAction | Action value (of calculation)—control action to an agent (e.g., turn on/off lamp) |
nvoStatus | Device status report/info |
cpValueFunction | Setting: learner value function |
cpExpRewardInterval | Send condition: maximum reward |
cpStateSpace | Setting: triggerings actions |
cpActionSpaceInterval | Send condition: nvoExpDemand |
cpLocation | Installation location and logger ID |
Flexometer | Without | With |
---|---|---|
with variable loading | 13 s | 7.0 s |
with fixed loading | 4.9 s | 1.7 s |
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Share and Cite
Babar, M.; Grela, J.; Ożadowicz, A.; Nguyen, P.H.; Hanzelka, Z.; Kamphuis, I.G. Energy Flexometer: Transactive Energy-Based Internet of Things Technology. Energies 2018, 11, 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030568
Babar M, Grela J, Ożadowicz A, Nguyen PH, Hanzelka Z, Kamphuis IG. Energy Flexometer: Transactive Energy-Based Internet of Things Technology. Energies. 2018; 11(3):568. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030568
Chicago/Turabian StyleBabar, Muhammad, Jakub Grela, Andrzej Ożadowicz, Phuong H. Nguyen, Zbigniew Hanzelka, and I. G. Kamphuis. 2018. "Energy Flexometer: Transactive Energy-Based Internet of Things Technology" Energies 11, no. 3: 568. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11030568