Comparison and Evaluation of the Potential Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Financial Impacts from the Incorporation of CHP and CCHP Systems in Existing UK Hotel Buildings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Methodology
3.1. Building Description and Modelling
3.2. Modelling Assumptions
- It is assumed that the hotel is occupied 24 h, seven days a week. This is selected based on average occupancy patterns in the hotel.
- The National Calculation Method (NCM) database will be used to represent all zones, including circulation, reception, and toilets, as shown in Table 1. It will be assumed that these conditions are the actual current conditions of the hotel.
- Fully adopting the CIBSE TRY weather files without any alterations and assuming that they are valid and relevant to the microclimate of Reading.
- Figure 2 shows the external temperature and global solar radiation of the simulation weather data and the 3D visualisation of the resultant temperature on the building case study.
3.3. Financial Analysis
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1a. Building Fabric & Fuel Source Data | |
Element | Ua-calc (W/m2K) |
Wall | 0.35 |
Floor | 0.25 |
Roof | 0.25 |
Windows | 2.67 |
Doors | 1.30 |
Air permeability rate (m3/h/m2 @50 Pa) | 5.0 |
Ua-calc = Calculated area-weighted average U-values (W/m2K) | |
- Fuel Source: Natural gas—CO2 factor, 0.216 Kg/kWh - Grid Supplied electricity—CO2 factor, 0.519 Kg/kWh | |
1b. NCM Internal Conditions Database | |
Zone | Occupancy Levels, People Density, Lux Level |
Car Park | 0.0059 person/m2, 100 lux |
Bedroom | 0.094 person/m2, 100 lux |
Toilet | 0.1188 person/m2, 200 lux |
Plant Room | 0.11 person/m2, 50 lux |
Changing room | 0.112 person/m2, 100 lux |
Reception | 0.105 person/m2, 200 lux |
Hall | 0.183 person/m2, 300 lux |
Food prep/kitchen | 0.108 person/m2, 500 lux |
Eat/Drink area | 0.2 person/m2, 150 lux |
Office | 0.106 person/m2, 400 lux |
Meeting room | 0.094 person/m2, 100 lux |
Swimming pool | 0.14 person/m2, 300 lux |
Gym | 0.14 person/m2, 150 lux |
Circulation | 0.115 person/m2, 100 lux |
Store | 0.11 person/m2, 50 lux |
Laundry | 0.12 person/m2, 300 lux |
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Salem, R.; Bahadori-Jahromi, A.; Mylona, A.; Godfrey, P.; Cook, D. Comparison and Evaluation of the Potential Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Financial Impacts from the Incorporation of CHP and CCHP Systems in Existing UK Hotel Buildings. Energies 2018, 11, 1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051219
Salem R, Bahadori-Jahromi A, Mylona A, Godfrey P, Cook D. Comparison and Evaluation of the Potential Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Financial Impacts from the Incorporation of CHP and CCHP Systems in Existing UK Hotel Buildings. Energies. 2018; 11(5):1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051219
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalem, Radwa, Ali Bahadori-Jahromi, Anastasia Mylona, Paulina Godfrey, and Darren Cook. 2018. "Comparison and Evaluation of the Potential Energy, Carbon Emissions, and Financial Impacts from the Incorporation of CHP and CCHP Systems in Existing UK Hotel Buildings" Energies 11, no. 5: 1219. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11051219