Thermal Comfort, Energy and Cost Impacts of PMV Control Considering Individual Metabolic Rate Variations in Residential Building
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Literature Review
1.3. Metabolic Rate
2. Method
2.1. Simulation Software
2.2. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) Assessment During Simulation
2.3. Schedule
2.4. Description of the Simulated Apartment Building
2.5. Simulation Condition
2.6. Simulation Case
2.7. Weekday, Holiday Schedule
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. PMV
3.2. Indoor Temperature
3.3. Hourly Cooling and Heating Rate
3.4. Daily Energy Consumption
3.5. Monthly and Annual Heating and Cooling Energy Consumption
3.6. Economic Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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+3 | Hot |
+2 | Warm |
+1 | Slightly warm |
0 | Neutral |
−1 | Slightly cool |
−2 | Cool |
−3 | Cold |
Activity | Activity Level (W/Person) | Metabolic Rate Per Person (Met) |
---|---|---|
Sleeping | 72 | 0.7 |
Reclining | 81 | 0.8 |
Seated, quiet | 108 | 1 |
Standing, relaxed | 126 | 1.2 |
Reading, seated | 99 | 1 |
Writing | 108 | 1 |
Typing | 117 | 1.1 |
Filling, seated | 126 | 1.2 |
Filling, standing | 144 | 1.4 |
Cooking | 171 to 207 | 1.6 to 2.0 |
House cleaning | 207 to 360 | 2.0 to 3.4 |
Time | Metabolic Rate | System (ON/OFF) | Activity Level |
---|---|---|---|
(W/Person) | |||
1:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
2:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
3:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
4:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
5:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
6:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
7:00 | 1.4 | ON | 144 |
8:00 | 1.05 | ON | 113 |
9:00 | 2.7 | ON | 284 |
10:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
11:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
12:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
13:00 | 1.35 | ON | 140 |
14:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
15:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
16:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
17:00 | 1.3 | ON | 135 |
18:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
19:00 | 1.6 | ON | 171 |
20:00 | 1.225 | ON | 129 |
21:00 | 1.3 | ON | 135 |
22:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
23:00 | 1.25 | ON | 130 |
0:00 | 0.775 | ON | 79 |
Time | Metabolic Rate | System (ON/OFF) | Activity Level |
---|---|---|---|
(W/Person) | |||
1:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
2:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
3:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
4:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
5:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
6:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
7:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
8:00 | 1.325 | ON | 138 |
9:00 | 1.5 | ON | 153 |
10:00 | 3.4 | ON | 360 |
11:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
12:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
13:00 | 1.35 | ON | 140 |
14:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
15:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
16:00 | 0 | OFF | 0 |
17:00 | 2 | ON | 207 |
18:00 | 1.7 | ON | 180 |
19:00 | 1.225 | ON | 129 |
20:00 | 1.125 | ON | 120 |
21:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
22:00 | 1 | ON | 108 |
23:00 | 1.25 | ON | 132 |
0:00 | 0.7 | OFF | 72 |
People | |
Number of People Calculation Method | Area/Person |
Zone Floor Area per Person | 32 m2/Person |
Fraction Radiant | 0.3 |
Light | |
Design Level Calculation Method | Watts/Area |
Watts per Zone Floor Area | 3.88 W/m2 |
Return Air Fraction | 0 |
Fraction Radiant | 0.2 |
Fraction Visible | 0.2 |
Equipment | |
Design Level Calculation Method | Watts/Area |
Watts per Zone Floor Area | 5.38 W/m2 |
Construction | |
---|---|
Exterior Floor | I02 50 mm insulation board |
M15 200 mm heavyweight concrete | |
Exterior Wall | M01 100 mm brick |
M15 200 mm heavyweight concrete | |
I02 50 mm insulation board | |
F04 Wall airspace resistance | |
G01a 19 mm gypsum board | |
Interior Wall | G01a 19 mm gypsum board |
F04 Wall airspace resistance | |
G01a 19 mm gypsum board | |
Exterior Roof | M11 100 mm lightweight concrete |
F05 Ceiling airspace resistance | |
F16 Acoustic tile | |
Interior Ceiling | Finish flooring |
INS-Expanded EXT polystyrene R12 2 In | |
Concrete-dried sand and gravel 4 | |
Exterior Window | Clear 3 mm |
Air 13 mm | |
Clear 3 mm | |
Interior Window | Clear 3 mm |
Exterior Door | F08 Metal surface |
I01 25 mm insulation board | |
Interior Door | G05 25 mm wood |
Category | Primary Energy Conversion Factor |
---|---|
Gas(fuel) | 1.1 |
Electricity | 2.75 |
District heating | 0.728 |
District cooling | 0.937 |
Dry Bulb Temperature Control | PMV Control | ||
---|---|---|---|
Type | Price (KRW) | Type | Price (KRW) |
Temperature controller | 55,000 ($50.95) | Temperature & humidity sensor | 2000 ($1.85) |
Airflow sensor | 70,000 ($64.84) | ||
MRT | 45,000 ($41.69) | ||
Camera | 6000 ($5.56) | ||
Board | 90,000 ($83.37) | ||
Temperature controller | 55,000 ($50.95) |
Base Rate (KRW) | Energy Charge (KRW/kWh) | ||
---|---|---|---|
1–200 kWh | 730 ($0.68) | 1–200 kWh | 78.3 ($0.07) |
201–400 kWh | 1260 ($1.17) | 201–400 kWh | 147.3 ($0.14) |
400 kWh~ | 6060 ($5.61) | 400 kWh~ | 215.6 ($0.2) |
Year | Dry Bulb Temperature Control Present Value (KRW 1000) | PMV Control Present Value (KRW 1000) |
---|---|---|
1 | 825.68 ($767.30) | 1731.84 ($1609.52) |
2 | 1325.07 ($1231.48) | 2087.18 ($1939.76) |
3 | 1825.52 ($1696.74) | 2443.27 ($2270.71) |
4 | 2310.27 ($2147.29) | 2788.19 ($2591.26) |
5 | 2779.80 ($2583.46) | 3122.29 ($2901.76) |
6 | 3234.60 ($3006.13) | 3445.90 ($3202.52) |
7 | 3675.12 ($3415.54) | 3759.36 ($3493.83) |
8 | 4101.82 ($3812.1) | 4062.98 ($3776.01) |
9 | 4515.13 ($4196.22) | 4357.07 ($4049.32) |
10 | 4915.46 ($4568.28) | 4641.93 ($4313.66) |
11 | 5303.24 ($4928.66) | 4917.85 ($4570.07) |
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Hong, S.H.; Lee, J.M.; Moon, J.W.; Lee, K.H. Thermal Comfort, Energy and Cost Impacts of PMV Control Considering Individual Metabolic Rate Variations in Residential Building. Energies 2018, 11, 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071767
Hong SH, Lee JM, Moon JW, Lee KH. Thermal Comfort, Energy and Cost Impacts of PMV Control Considering Individual Metabolic Rate Variations in Residential Building. Energies. 2018; 11(7):1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071767
Chicago/Turabian StyleHong, Sung Hyup, Jong Man Lee, Jin Woo Moon, and Kwang Ho Lee. 2018. "Thermal Comfort, Energy and Cost Impacts of PMV Control Considering Individual Metabolic Rate Variations in Residential Building" Energies 11, no. 7: 1767. https://doi.org/10.3390/en11071767