Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. The Simulation Software ANSYS
2.2. The Optimization Software MODEST
3. The Studied Scenarios
Scenarios and Specifics
- Scenario R: Reference scenario, business as usual
- Scenario 1: The HPS system shuts down at temperatures lower than −10 °C
- Scenario 2: The HPS system shuts down at temperatures lower than −5 °C
4. Computational Setup and Numerical Procedure
4.1. Parameters and Properties of the HPS Simulation Model
- Weather properties regarding temperature, precipitation, solar irradiation, and wind.
- Material properties regarding density, thermal conductivity, and specific heat capacity.
- Heat transfer equations regarding conductivity, convection, and radiation.
- Operational parameters.
Limitations and Comments on the Model
4.2. Parameters and Properties of the DHC System’s Optimization Model
5. Results
5.1. Comparing Models of the HPS and DHC System to Actual System Performance
5.2. Performance of the HPS and Energy Use of the Studied Scenarios
5.3. Evaluation of the Impact the HPS Has on the DHC System
6. Discussion
6.1. The Scenarios and Modeling of the HPS
6.2. Performance of the HPS
6.3. The impact of the HPS on the DHC System
7. Conclusions
- The study indicates that the HPS is suitable for the use of return temperatures in a DHC system. An HPS could further decrease the return temperature, thereby potentially increasing the efficiency of the DHC system. Furthermore, in a future DHC system with lower supply temperatures, it is also desirable to achieve lower return temperatures to maintain an efficient DHC system.
- A control strategy that shuts down the HPS at temperatures below −10 °C results in a 10% energy saving, avoidance of use during the top 50 h of peak demand in the DHC system, reduced use of fossil fuel and a 25% reduction in local GHG emissions, whilst maintaining sufficient performance of the HPS.
- Utilizing HPS connected to a DHC system which has CHP can potentially result in increased electricity production. This generates a positive effect and reduction on the global GHG emissions if a coal condensing power plant is regarded as the marginal production unit in the European electricity market. In a future fossil-free production of DHC, the generated electricity will fully derive from renewable resources. This will improve the impact an HPS has on the GHG emissions even further.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Seasons | Months | Days and Hours | Analyzed Peak Hours |
---|---|---|---|
Winter | Jan–Mar, Nov–Dec | Mon–Fri 06:00–07:00 | Peak day 06:00–07:00 |
Mon–Fri 07:00–08:00 | Peak day 07:00–08:00 | ||
Mon–Fri 08:00–16:00 | Peak day 08:00–16:00 | ||
Mon–Fri 16:00–22:00 | Peak day 16:00–22:00 | ||
Mon–Fri 22:00–06:00 | Peak day 22:00–06:00 | ||
Sat, Sun 06:00–22:00 | |||
Sat, Sun 22:00–06:00 | |||
Spring, summer, and autumn | Apr–Oct | Mon–Fri 06:00–22:00 | |
Mon–Fri 22:00–06:00 | |||
Sat, Sun 06:00–22:00 | |||
Sat, Sun 22:00–06:00 |
Temperature | Unit | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | Oct | Nov | Dec | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Average temp. | °C | −5 | −0.2 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 6.8 | 1.8 | 2.0 | - |
Temperature in a normal year | °C | −2.8 | −3.0 | 0.5 | 5.2 | 7.6 | 2.4 | −1.3 | - |
Hours < 4 °C | h | 652 | 583 | 504 | 217 | 69 | 530 | 486 | 3041 |
Hours < 0 °C | h | 494 | 346 | 144 | 51 | 3 | 223 | 230 | 1491 |
Precipitation | |||||||||
Amount of precipitation | mm | 26.7 | 11.8 | 20 | 27.6 | 70.8 | 37.7 | 25.6 | 220.2 |
–with temp < 0 °C | mm | 16.7 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 0 | 0 | 4.8 | 5 | 32.9 |
Precipitation in a normal year | mm | 41.0 | 27.1 | 33.6 | 34.2 | 46.0 | 52.2 | 46.8 | 280.2 |
Layer | Material | ρ (kg/m3) | λ (W/m∙°C) | Cp (J/kg∙°C) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Pavement | 2300 (1906–2450) [71,72] | 2 (0.5–3.2) [71,73] | 840 (767–2000) [72] |
B | Sand | 1700 (1677–1771) [74,75] | 1 (0.25–3) [75,76] | 1000 (919–1117) [75] | |
C | Asphalt | 2100 (1906–2450) [77] | 0.75 (0.74–2.9) [71,77] | 920 (800–1853) [77] | |
D | PEX-plastic | 925 [78] | 0.35 [78] | 2300 [78] | |
E | Gravel | 2100 (1928–2129) [75] | 1.5 (0.51–1.77) [75] | 1150 (1088–1307) [75] |
Unit | Fuel | Heat 1 (MW) | Power (MW) | Heat from Flue Gas Condensation (MW) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gärstad | CHP 1–3 | Household waste 2 | 75 | 10 | 15 |
CHP 4 | Household waste 2 | 68 | 19 | 15 | |
CHP 5 | Household waste 2 | 84 | 21 | 12 | |
Central | CHP 1 | Coal 3 | 83 | 31 | - |
CHP 2 | Oil | 154 | 41 | - | |
CHP 3 | Wood 4 | 78 | 32 or 22 5 | 20 | |
Standalone | HOB 1 | Oil | 144 | - | - |
HOB 2 | Electricity | 25 | - | - | |
Mjölby | CHP | Wood | 33 | 10 | - |
HOB | Wood | 32.5 | - | - |
Local Emission | GHG Emission Factor [90] (g CO2eq/kWh) | Global Emission | GHG Emission Factor [91] (g CO2eq/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|
Household waste | 143 | Swedish electricity mix | 36.4 |
Wood 1 | 14.5 | Nordic electricity mix | 97.3 |
Oil | 297 | Coal condensing production | 968.6 |
Coal 1 | 340 | ||
Electricity (internal) | 0 | ||
Flue gas cond. | 0 |
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Blomqvist, S.; Amiri, S.; Rohdin, P.; Ödlund, L. Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network. Energies 2019, 12, 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112078
Blomqvist S, Amiri S, Rohdin P, Ödlund L. Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network. Energies. 2019; 12(11):2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112078
Chicago/Turabian StyleBlomqvist, Stefan, Shahnaz Amiri, Patrik Rohdin, and Louise Ödlund. 2019. "Analyzing the Performance and Control of a Hydronic Pavement System in a District Heating Network" Energies 12, no. 11: 2078. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12112078