Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Catalyst Characterization
2.3. Reaction and DOE
2.4. Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene Properties
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Catalyst Characterization
3.2. Reaction and Optimization
3.3. Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene Properties
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Low (–) | Medium (0) | High (+) |
---|---|---|---|
Temperature (X1; °C) | 450 | 500 | 550 |
Pressure (X2; MPa) | 4 | 5 | 6 |
LHSV (X3; h–1) | 0.5 | 1.0 | 1.5 |
Standard Order | Temperature (°C) | Pressure (MPa) | LHSV (h–1) | Kerosene Selectivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 450 | 4 | 1.0 | 51.28 |
2 | 550 | 4 | 1.0 | 26.04 |
3 | 450 | 6 | 1.0 | 50.00 |
4 | 550 | 6 | 1.0 | 25.81 |
5 | 450 | 5 | 0.5 | 49.46 |
6 | 550 | 5 | 0.5 | 17.53 |
7 | 450 | 5 | 1.5 | 47.83 |
8 | 550 | 5 | 1.5 | 35.87 |
9 | 500 | 4 | 0.5 | 47.83 |
10 | 500 | 6 | 0.5 | 29.17 |
11 | 500 | 4 | 1.5 | 57.89 |
12 | 500 | 6 | 1.5 | 54.35 |
13 | 500 | 5 | 1.0 | 51.06 |
14 | 500 | 5 | 1.0 | 52.69 |
15 | 500 | 5 | 1.0 | 54.84 |
Source | DF | Fvalue | Pvalue | Result |
---|---|---|---|---|
Regression | 9 | 11.47 | 0.008 | significant |
Linear | 3 | 23.20 | 0.002 | significant |
Temperature | 1 | 50.64 | 0.001 | significant |
Pressure | 1 | 3.27 | 0.130 | insignificant |
LHSV | 1 | 15.70 | 0.011 | significant |
Square | 3 | 8.77 | 0.020 | significant |
Temperature × Temperature | 1 | 25.19 | 0.004 | significant |
Pressure × Pressure | 1 | 1.05 | 0.353 | insignificant |
LHSV × LHSV | 1 | 1.63 | 0.257 | insignificant |
Interaction | 3 | 2.44 | 0.180 | insignificant |
Temperature × Pressure | 1 | 0.01 | 0.915 | insignificant |
Temperature × LHSV | 1 | 4.64 | 0.084 | insignificant |
Pressure × LHSV | 1 | 2.66 | 0.164 | insignificant |
Residual Error | 5 | 9.33 | 0.098 | insignificant |
Lack-of-Fit | 3 | |||
Pure error | 2 | |||
Total | 14 | |||
Source | DF1 | DF2 | Fcritical | |
F(0.05, DF1, DF2) | 3 | 5 | 5.41 | |
F(0.05, DF1, DF2) | 3 | 2 | 19.16 |
Conditions | Feedstock | Catalysts | Kerosene | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yield (%) | Selectivity (%) | ||||
483 °C, 5.0 MPa, and 1.4 h−1 LHSV | RPO | Pd/Al2O3 | 47.46 | 57.30 | This study |
280 °C, 0.8 MPa, and LHSV 4 h−1 | FAME | 10 wt.% Ni/HZSM-5 | NR | 32.5 | [1] |
390 °C, 3 MPa, and 8-h RT | Palm oil | Ni/SAPO-34 | 42 | 69 | [31] |
450° C for 45 min with 0.07 g/min feed and gas flow rate 42 mL/min | Soybean oil | Zeolite ZSM-5 | 14.54 | NR | [32] |
450 °C, 6 MPa, and 1 h−1 LHSV | Jatropha oil | NiW | 37.5 | NR | [9] |
380 °C, 2 MPa, and 3 h RT | FAME | Mo/Al2O3 | NR | 33.2 | [33] |
MoO/Al2O3 | NR | 25.79 | |||
Ni2P/Al2O3 | NR | 3.49 | |||
Mo2C/AC | NR | 21.02 | |||
Mo/AC | NR | 18.55 | |||
MoS2/Al2O3 | NR | 11.89 | |||
380 °C, WHSV 1.85 h−1, ambient pressure | Oleic acid | 1 wt.% Pd/Siral70 | NR | ≈10 (C10–C14) | [34] |
Property | Specification | BHK | |
---|---|---|---|
Min | Max | ||
Heat of combustion (MJ/kg) | 42.8 | - | 45.8 |
Flash point (°C) | 38 | - | 41 |
Freezing point (°C) | - | −47 | −8 |
Carbon and hydrogen (mass percent) | 99.5 | - | 99.1 |
Nitrogen (mass percent) | - | - | <0.10 |
Oxygen (mass percent) | - | - | 0.8 |
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Dujjanutat, P.; Neramittagapong, A.; Kaewkannetra, P. Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking. Energies 2019, 12, 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163196
Dujjanutat P, Neramittagapong A, Kaewkannetra P. Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking. Energies. 2019; 12(16):3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163196
Chicago/Turabian StyleDujjanutat, Praepilas, Arthit Neramittagapong, and Pakawadee Kaewkannetra. 2019. "Optimization of Bio-Hydrogenated Kerosene from Refined Palm Oil by Catalytic Hydrocracking" Energies 12, no. 16: 3196. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12163196