Overview of Recent Advancements in the Microbial Fuel Cell from Fundamentals to Applications: Design, Major Elements, and Scalability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Microbial Fuel Cell Evolution
3. MFC Elements, Electron Transfer, and Principles of Working Machinery
3.1. MFC Elements and Setup
3.2. MFC Electron Transfer
3.3. MFC Working Principles
4. Design of MFCs
4.1. Double-Chambered Fuel Cells
4.2. Single-Chambered Fuel Cells
4.3. Stacked MFC
4.3.1. Bipolar Electrode Stack
4.3.2. Horizontal MFC Stack
4.3.3. Vertical MFC Stack
5. Scalability of MFC
5.1. Modular MFC Stack Systems with Multiple Electrodes
5.2. Outlook for MFC Scale-Up
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | Substrates | Electrode | Electron Acceptor | Power Density | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anode | Cathode | |||||
Single chamber | Glucose | Graphite carbon fiber brush | Pt (30%) coated carbon cloth | Oxygen | 2.4 W m−2 | [46] |
Single chamber | Acetate-amended Wastewater | Graphite fiber brush | Activated carbon catalyst on Stainless steel mesh | Oxygen | 1.1 W m−2 | [47] |
Double chamber | Glucose | Carbon paper | Carbone cloth | Permanganate | 0.12 W m−2 | [48] |
Double chamber | Glucose | Graphite plate | Graphite plate | Hexacynoferrate | 4.3 W m−2 | [49] |
Stacked | Sodium acetate | Granular activated carbon | Granular activated carbon | Oxygen | 50.9 W m−3 | [50] |
Stacked | Neat undiluted urine | Untreated carbon fiber veil | Coating activated carbon paste on polytetrafluooethylene | Oxygen | 0.8 W m−3 | [51] |
Configuration | No. of Reactors | Total Volume (L) | Electrode | Connection | Internal Resistance (Ω) | OCV (V) | Maximum Power Density (W m−3) | Maximum Current Density (A m−3) | Organic conc. or OLR | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Two-chamber MFC stack | 6 | 0.936 | Graphite granules | Cu wire | 6.5 (s) 1) | 4.16 (s) 0.67 (p) | 308 (s) 263 (p) 2) | 0.085 A (s) 0.425 A (p) | 1.62 g COD L−1 d−1 | [64] |
Bipolar two-chamber MFC stack | 4 | 20 | Ti plates | Ti plates | 1.2 mΩ m−3 (s) | 4.06 (s) | 144 (s) | 2.8 A m−2 | - | [63] |
Two-chamber MFC stack | 3 | 1.8 | Graphite | Cu wire | 11.5 Ω m−2 (s) 1 Ω m−2 (p) | 1.042 (s) 0.687 (p) | 0.11 W m−2 (s) 0.13 W m−2 (p) | 0.098 A m−2 (s) 0.381 A m−2 (p) | 30 g L−1 of G-F-S 4) | [69] |
Two chamber MFC stack | 4 | - | Carbon cloth | - | - | 3.27 (s) 0.82 (p) | 2.22 W m−2 (s) 1.98 W m−2 (p) | 16.9 A m−2 (s) 4.45 A m−2 (p) | 0.5 g COD L−1 | [70] |
Single-chamber MFC stack | 10 | 0.063 | Carbon fiber veil | - | - | 3.6 (s) | 0.97 (p) | ~7.1 (p) | 5 mM of acetate | [78] |
Tubular type of single-chamber MFC stack | 5 | 1.475 | A: Graphite felt C: Carbon fiber cloth | Ti wire | 10–15 (p) | 2.1 (s) | 67.5 W m−2 (s) 175.7 W m−2 (p) | 0.128 A m−2 (s) 0.675 A m−2 (p) | 4.9 g COD L−1 d−1 | [79] |
Tubular type of single-chamber MFC stack | 40 | 10 | A; Graphite felt C: Metal catalyst | Ti wire | 800 (s) 15 (s-p) 3) | 23 (s) 3.25 (s-p) | 4.1 (s) 6.0 (s-p) | 2.1 (s) 13.8 (s-p) | 1.06 g COD L−1 d−1 | [72] |
Cascade type of single-chamber 3D-printed MFC stack | 40 | 0.8 | Carbon veil | - | - | 13 (20 units used) | - | - | 25 mM of acetate | [75] |
Horizontally stackable type of single-chamber MFC | 1 (32) 5) | 250 | A: Carbon brush C: Carbon mesh | Ti wire | 2.3 × 108 Ω m−2 | 0.8 (p) | 0.116 W | 0.435 A | ~0.32 g COD L−1 | [80] |
Bipolar plate single-chamber MFC stack | 3 | 0.35 | Graphite felt | Graphite plate | 634 | 1.58 (s) | 0.023 W m−2 (s) | 0.037 A m−2 | 10 mM of acetate | [65] |
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Flimban, S.G.A.; Ismail, I.M.I.; Kim, T.; Oh, S.-E. Overview of Recent Advancements in the Microbial Fuel Cell from Fundamentals to Applications: Design, Major Elements, and Scalability. Energies 2019, 12, 3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173390
Flimban SGA, Ismail IMI, Kim T, Oh S-E. Overview of Recent Advancements in the Microbial Fuel Cell from Fundamentals to Applications: Design, Major Elements, and Scalability. Energies. 2019; 12(17):3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173390
Chicago/Turabian StyleFlimban, Sami G. A., Iqbal M. I. Ismail, Taeyoung Kim, and Sang-Eun Oh. 2019. "Overview of Recent Advancements in the Microbial Fuel Cell from Fundamentals to Applications: Design, Major Elements, and Scalability" Energies 12, no. 17: 3390. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12173390