Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Targets, Materials, and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Model Description
2.2.1. Ocean Current and Thermal Gradient Energy
2.2.2. Wave Energy
2.3. Metrics
3. Literature on the Issue and State-of-the-Art Technology Related to Ocean Renewable Energy
3.1. Resource Potential
3.1.1. Wave Power
3.1.2. Tidal Power
3.1.3. Ocean Current Power
3.1.4. Ocean Thermal Energy
3.1.5. Salinity Gradient Power
3.2. Conversion Technologies
3.2.1. Wave Energy Conversion
- The oscillating water column (OWC), which compresses or decompresses the air in a chamber using the wave elevation to drive a Wells or impulse turbine to convert wave power. Depending on the location of installation, OWC devices can be fixed onshore [76,77,78], as shown in Figure 6a, or floating, as shown in Figure 6b [79,80,81].
- Wave activated bodies (WABs), which utilize the wave excitation motions between two bodies to convert wave power into electric power. According to their dimension and orientation, WABs can also be classified as terminators [82] (Figure 6c), positioned with large horizontal extensions perpendicular to the wave propagation direction); attenuators [83,84] (Figure 6d), which have a large horizontal extension parallel to the wave propagation direction; point absorbers [85,86] (Figure 6e), which have small dimensions compared to the predominant wavelength and are usually axisymmetric about their vertical axis; and submerged pressure differentials [87] (Figure 6f), which are submerged buoys with large dimensions.
3.2.2. Tidal Range Energy Conversion
- Flood generation—the power production process starts as the water enters the tidal basin (flood tide);
- Ebb generation—power production starts as the water leaves the tidal basin (ebb tide);
- Two-way generation—the tidal power plant produces power during the flood and ebb tides.
3.2.3. Tidal Current and Ocean Current Energy Conversion
3.2.4. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
3.2.5. Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion
3.3. Global Status of Development
3.3.1. Installed Capacity
3.3.2. Technology Status
3.3.3. Deployed Devices
3.3.4. Status of the Projects
4. Case Study of Brazil
4.1. Resource Assessment Results
4.1.1. Ocean Current Energy
4.1.2. Wave Energy
4.1.3. Ocean Thermal Energy
4.2. Deployments in Brazil
4.2.1. COPPE Hyperbaric Wave Converter
4.2.2. COPPE Nearshore WEC
4.2.3. Tidal Power Plant of the Estuary of Bacanga
5. Discussion and Open Question
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Regions | Latitude |
---|---|
A | 34°S–25°S |
B | 25°S–15°S |
C | 15°S–05°S |
D | 05°S–05°N |
Project Stage | Description |
---|---|
Early concept | The technology is in the early stage of development. The basic principles are observed, and analytical formulations, numerical simulations, and laboratory-scale experimental tests are performed at this stage. (Stages 0, 1, and 2 based on [179]). |
In planning | The technology is being used in medium- or large-scale experimental tests in a realistic working environment or in an open sea. The represents preparation for authorized consent. (Stage 3 based on [179]). |
Pre-deployment | Consent is authorized by the consent authority and the company or technology developers perform activities such as site preparation, fabrication, and installation. (Stage 4 based on [179]). |
Operational | The device is fully operational. In this paper, the operational system can even be connected to a local electrical grid or can provide energy for an isolated center of consumption, such as a marine lighthouse. |
Decommissioned | Devices that have been removed from the water after being operational for a certain period. |
Dormant | Projects that had site permission or authorized consent or were in the permitting process but were later abandoned. |
Power Density (W/m2) ± Standard Deviation | SV | COV | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region/Season | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Spring | ||
A | 98.9 (±3.3) | 73.67 (±2.12) | 74.35 (±2.12) | 97.85 (±2.7) | 0.269 | 0.951 |
B | 362.76 (±9.9) | 90.06 (±3.83) | 167.37 (±5.6) | 280.25 (±7.8) | 0.609 | 1.994 |
C | 193.93 (±3.84) | 399.93 (±11.1) | 379.137 (±11.06) | 216.36 (±5.06) | 0.426 | 1.460 |
D | 788.21(±39.15) | 1416.64 (±58.28) | 1240.21 (±58.82) | 1103.4 (±52.3) | 0.514 | 1.333 |
Bathymetry | 25 | 50 | 100 | 150 | 200 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Region | |||||||||||
SV | COV | SV | COV | SV | COV | SV | COV | SV | COV | ||
A | 0.467 | 0.533 | 0.431 | 0.334 | 0.482 | 0.303 | 0.502 | 0.285 | 0.509 | 0.258 | |
B | 0.637 | 0.515 | 0.619 | 0.350 | 0.595 | 0.294 | 0.596 | 0.283 | 0.615 | 0.287 | |
C | 0.845 | 0.375 | 0.865 | 0.302 | 0.856 | 0.305 | 0.852 | 0.274 | 0.781 | 0.250 | |
D | 0.748 | 0.685 | 0.929 | 0.464 | 0.929 | 0.432 | 0.744 | 0.301 | 0.833 | 0.296 |
Parameters | Regions | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
A | B | C | D | |
Length (km) | ~1250 | ~1952 | ~1452 | ~2837 |
Average power (kW/m) | 21.1 | 12.4 | 13.8 | 7.4 |
Total power (GW) | 26.4 | 24.2 | 20.1 | 21.0 |
Regions | Points | Lat/Lon | Bathymetry (~m) | ΔT (°C) | Annual Average Pgross (MW) | Annual Average Pnet (MW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | P1 | 27.6666°S 46.5833°W | 1396 | 20.17 | 14.32 | 10.12 |
P2 | 26.5833°S 45.5833°W | 1409 | 20.37 | 14.58 | 10.39 | |
P3 | 25.3333°S 44.5000°W | 1000 | 20.98 | 15.42 | 11.23 | |
B | P4 | 24.4167°S 43.0833°W | 1396 | 21.16 | 15.67 | 11.49 |
P5 | 20.8333°S 39.7500°W | 1422 | 22.43 | 17.53 | 13.36 | |
P6 | 16.6667°S 38.4167°W | 1005 | 22.59 | 17.71 | 13.55 | |
C | P7 | 14.1667°S 38.5833°W | 1948 | 23.21 | 18.88 | 14.51 |
P8 | 9.9167°S 35.2500°W | 2012 | 23.33 | 18.84 | 16.69 | |
P9 | 6.5000°S 34.4167°W | 2764 | 23.54 | 19.15 | 15.00 | |
D | P10 | 4.3333°S 36.6667°W | 1945 | 23.37 | 18.86 | 14.72 |
P11 | 0.8333°S 43.3333°W | 2337 | 23.29 | 18.71 | 14.57 | |
P12 | 1.6667°N 46.6667°W | 1463 | 23.24 | 18.63 | 14.50 |
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Shadman, M.; Silva, C.; Faller, D.; Wu, Z.; de Freitas Assad, L.P.; Landau, L.; Levi, C.; Estefen, S.F. Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil. Energies 2019, 12, 3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193658
Shadman M, Silva C, Faller D, Wu Z, de Freitas Assad LP, Landau L, Levi C, Estefen SF. Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil. Energies. 2019; 12(19):3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193658
Chicago/Turabian StyleShadman, Milad, Corbiniano Silva, Daiane Faller, Zhijia Wu, Luiz Paulo de Freitas Assad, Luiz Landau, Carlos Levi, and Segen F. Estefen. 2019. "Ocean Renewable Energy Potential, Technology, and Deployments: A Case Study of Brazil" Energies 12, no. 19: 3658. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12193658