Distributed Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Considering Network Loss in a Distribution System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Compared with existing P2P trading models, our proposed model considers the impact of network losses on P2P trading. The LAs and MGOs need to provide the DNO with the wheeling costs based on the calculation results of network losses;
- (2)
- The economic interaction among LAs and MGOs in our proposed model are analyzed and formulated by NBS theory. The formulated non-convex bargaining problem is decomposed into two convex sub-problems: social welfare maximization and payment bargaining;
- (3)
- A distributed algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) is applied to solve the two sub-problems which can protect the privacy of market participants and simultaneously realize the bargaining between LAs and MGOs with limited information exchange.
2. Distributed P2P Electricity Trading Model
2.1. System Structure
2.2. Analysis of Network Loss
2.3. The Model of LA
2.4. The Model of MGO
3. Nash Bargaining Model
3.1. Problem Analysis
3.2. Nash Bargaining Solution
- Pareto efficiency: Assuming is a point in , and is another point in . If and , then .
- Symmetry: If the DP of the two individuals satisfies , then under the solution .
- Invariance to affine transformations: If the profit function of the two individuals transform into , then is still the solution point in this system.
- Independence of irrelevant alternatives: If , , then is also the solution for strategy T.
- DP model of LA c:
- DP model of MGO n:
3.3. Model Equivalent Transformation
4. Distributed Solution Method
4.1. Distributed Solution of SP1
4.2. Distributed Solution of SP2
4.3. Algorithm Implementation
Algorithm 1. Distributed P2P electricity trading |
Step1: Solving SP1 |
1: Initialization1: k = 0, Lagrange multipliers , , penalty parameter , and convergence precision ; |
2: while do |
3: k ← k + 1; |
4: broadcast and from distributed P2P platform to LA c and MGO n; |
5: For LA c wait |
6: until: receive from MGO n; |
7: Solve problem of (35) under the constraints (5)–(13); |
8: For LA c wait |
9: until: receive and from LA c and MGO n′; |
10: Solve problem of (36) under the constraints (15)–(26); |
11: update , and in the P2P platform according to (37)–(39), respectively; |
12: end while |
Step2: Solving SP2 |
13: Initialization2: k = 0, multipliers , , , and convergence precision ; |
14: For LA c and MGO n wait |
15: until: receive and from step 1; |
16: while do |
17: k ← k + 1; |
18: broadcast from distributed P2P platform to LA c and MGO n; |
19: For LA c wait |
20: until: receive from MGO n; |
21: Solve problem of (42); |
22: For MGO n wait |
23: until: receive and from LA c and MGO n′; |
24: Solve problem of (43); |
25: update multipliers and penalty parameter in the P2P platform according to (44), (45) and (39); |
26: end while |
5. Case Study
5.1. Simulation Parameters
5.2. Simulation Results and Analysis
5.2.1. Distributed P2P Trading Results Considering Network Loss
5.2.2. Trading without Consideration of Network Losses
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Type | Period/h | bt (RMB/kWh) | st (RMB/kWh) |
---|---|---|---|
Peak | 09:00–12:00 | 1.2412 | 0.3573 |
17:00–22:00 | |||
Flat | 08:00–09:00 | 0.7793 | 0.3573 |
12:00–17:00 | |||
22:00–23:00 | |||
Valley | 23:00–08:00 | 0.4880 | 0.3573 |
Participants | P2P Benefit | DP Benefit | Payment | Surplus |
---|---|---|---|---|
LA1 | 231,811 | 227,847 | −12,895 | 3964 |
LA2 | 238,945 | 234,986 | −19,112 | 3959 |
MGO1 | 128,642 | 124,680 | 5253 | 3962 |
MGO2 | 118,316 | 114,353 | 8733 | 3963 |
MGO3 | 118,849 | 114,887 | 18,021 | 3962 |
System | 836,563 | 816,753 | 0 | 19,810 |
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Zhang, J.; Hu, C.; Zheng, C.; Rui, T.; Shen, W.; Wang, B. Distributed Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Considering Network Loss in a Distribution System. Energies 2019, 12, 4318. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224318
Zhang J, Hu C, Zheng C, Rui T, Shen W, Wang B. Distributed Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Considering Network Loss in a Distribution System. Energies. 2019; 12(22):4318. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224318
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jin, Cungang Hu, Changbao Zheng, Tao Rui, Weixiang Shen, and Bo Wang. 2019. "Distributed Peer-to-Peer Electricity Trading Considering Network Loss in a Distribution System" Energies 12, no. 22: 4318. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12224318