Wind Power Integration: An Experimental Investigation for Powering Local Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Wind Data Assessment
2.1. Wind Characteristics
2.1.1. Average Wind Speed, Variance and Standard Deviation
2.1.2. Air Density, Wind Power Density and Energy
2.1.3. Wind Turbulence Intensity, Shear, and Power Law
2.2. Wind Power Classes
2.3. Weibull Distribution
2.4. Different Weibull Methods
2.5. Goodness of Fit Test
3. Site Characteristics
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Wind Speed Measurement
4.2. Air Density and Turbulence Intensity Measurement
4.3. Wind Rose and Wind Shear Measurement
4.4. Wind Speed Distribution and Methods
5. Conclusions
- Monthly and diurnal wind characteristics of the proposed site indicate that it has class three or higher wind potential. Therefore, according to the international standards, the proposed site is most suitable as depicted in Table 2 for wind turbine installation to supply the electricity to local communities.
- Basically, in the whole year, it is observed from the wind rose diagram, the wind directions at different heights show that most of the wind gusts blow from the west.
- The proposed site is most suitable with advantages on air density, wind shear exponent, low turbulence intensity, adequate wind speed distribution, and reliable capacity factor.
- In this research, the energy generated by ten different suggested wind turbine models indicates that the performance of two WTs such as; Vestas V126/3300 and Goldwind GW 121/2500 is better as compared to other prototypes for this proposed site.
- Also, from five Weibull distribution techniques, GM shows the inadequate performance, whereas, MMLM presents the optimum performance as compared to its counter techniques.
- The maximum values of Weibull shape and scale parameters were also calculated to understand the seasonal wind characteristics for this site. During the spring-summer seasons, the shape values are 2.60 (spring) and 3.25 (summer) respectively. Whereas, the scale values are more than 9.0 (summer) and approximately 8.2 (spring), and even better for whole of the years.
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
AEDB | Alternative energy distribution board |
CPEC | China Pakistan economic corridor |
EPF | Energy pattern factor |
EPM | Energy pattern method |
EMJ | Energy pattern by Jestus |
EML | Energy pattern by Lysen |
FD | Frequency distribution |
GW | Gigawatt |
GM | Graphical method |
IEC | International electro technical commission |
HVDC | High voltage direct current |
KESC | Karachi electric supply company |
kWh | Kilowatt hour |
kV | Kilovolts |
LPG | Liquid petroleum gas |
MMLM | Modified maximum likelihood method |
MLEM | Maximum likelihood estimation method |
MTOE | Million tons of oil equivalent |
MW | Megawatt |
C.F. | Capacity factor |
MATLAB | Matrix laboratory |
MSE | Mean squared error |
MAE | Mean absolute error |
NTDC | National transmission and distribution company |
NEPRA | National electric power regulation authority |
RI | Ruggedness index |
RMSE | Root mean squared error |
SP | Sheared power |
TI | Turbulence intensity |
TPES | Total primary energy supply |
WPD | Wind power density |
WR | Wind rose |
GoP | Government of Pakistan |
GE | General Electric |
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Wind Resource Utility Scale | Wind Class | Wind Power W/m2 | Wind Speed m/s | Land Area km2 | Percent Windy Land | Total Capacity Installed MW |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Good | 4 | 400–500 | 6.9–7.4 | 18,106 | 2.1 | 90,530 |
Excellent | 5 | 500–600 | 7.4–7.8 | 5218 | 0.6 | 26,090 |
Excellent | 6 | 600–800 | 7.8–8.6 | 2495 | 0.3 | 12,480 |
Excellent | 7 | > 800 | > 8.6 | 543 | 0.1 | 2720 |
Total | 26,362 | 3.1 | 131,820 |
No. | Resourse Class | At 10 m Heights m/s W/m2 | At 30 m Heights m/s W/m2 | At 50 m Heights m/s W/m2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Poor | 0–4.4 | 0–100 | 0–5.1 | 0–160 | 0–5.4 | 0–200 |
2 | Marginal | 4.4–5.1 | 100–150 | 5.1–5.9 | 160–240 | 5.4–6.2 | 200–300 |
3 | Moderate | 5.1–5.6 | 150–200 | 5.9–6.5 | 240–320 | 6.2–6.9 | 300–400 |
4 | Good | 5.6–6.0 | 200–250 | 6.5–7.0 | 320–400 | 6.9–7.4 | 400–500 |
5 | Excellent | 6.0–6.4 | 250–300 | 7.0–7.4 | 400–480 | 7.4–7.8 | 500–600 |
6 | Excellent | 6.4–7.0 | 300–400 | 7.4–8.2 | 480–640 | 7.8–8.6 | 600–800 |
7 | Excellent | >7.0 | >400 | 8.2–11 | 640–1600 | >8.6 | >800 |
Parameters | 2016 | 2017 | Yearly Avg. | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | ||
Vhub Height | |||||||||||||
Vm (m/s) | 5.039 | 5.281 | 5.986 | 6.199 | 5.963 | 7.678 | 7.662 | 9.352 | 8.130 | 8.207 | 6.502 | 6.271 | 6.856 |
k | 1.6421 | 1.7550 | 2.1115 | 1.8370 | 2.1130 | 2.3441 | 3.1549 | 3.3016 | 2.6011 | 3.3740 | 3.3963 | 1.9267 | 2.4631 |
c (m/s) | 5.6409 | 5.9361 | 6.7593 | 6.9757 | 6.7379 | 8.6505 | 8.5472 | 10.417 | 9.1413 | 9.1140 | 7.2336 | 7.0899 | 7.6870 |
WPD (W/m2) | 180.96 | 187.99 | 232.84 | 287.82 | 221.95 | 421.64 | 351.16 | 624.71 | 466.63 | 418.45 | 211.39 | 281.57 | 323.93 |
E (kWh/m2) | 130.29 | 139.86 | 173.23 | 193.41 | 165.12 | 303.58 | 261.26 | 449.79 | 347.17 | 311.33 | 152.19 | 209.48 | 2836.76 |
80 m Height | |||||||||||||
Vm (m/s) | 4.598 | 4.822 | 5.540 | 5.660 | 5.540 | 7.272 | 7.385 | 9.089 | 7.853 | 7.892 | 6.169 | 5.686 | 6.459 |
k | 1.8017 | 1.8685 | 2.2450 | 1.9572 | 2.2400 | 2.3897 | 3.1657 | 3.2629 | 2.5832 | 3.3183 | 3.4982 | 2.1060 | 2.5364 |
c (m/s) | 5.1883 | 5.4367 | 6.2585 | 6.3917 | 6.2606 | 8.1938 | 8.2377 | 10.131 | 8.8340 | 8.7752 | 6.8545 | 6.4349 | 7.2498 |
WPD (W/m2) | 121.54 | 134.58 | 176.21 | 208.60 | 169.90 | 355.03 | 313.79 | 576.38 | 422.88 | 375.17 | 178.42 | 192.59 | 268.76 |
E (kWh/m2) | 87.51 | 100.13 | 131.10 | 140.18 | 126.41 | 255.62 | 233.46 | 414.99 | 314.62 | 279.12 | 128.46 | 143.29 | 2354.89 |
60 m Height | |||||||||||||
Vm (m/s) | 4.339 | 4.591 | 5.166 | 5.311 | 5.238 | 6.843 | 7.001 | 8.669 | 7.498 | 7.485 | 5.777 | 5.290 | 6.101 |
k | 1.8932 | 2.0044 | 2.3782 | 2.0643 | 2.4066 | 2.4418 | 3.1812 | 3.2064 | 2.5328 | 3.2485 | 3.5554 | 2.3020 | 2.6012 |
c (m/s) | 4.9021 | 5.1842 | 5.8279 | 6.0047 | 5.9162 | 7.7060 | 7.8062 | 9.6719 | 8.4410 | 8.3347 | 6.4135 | 5.9835 | 6.8493 |
WPD (W/m2) | 95.63 | 108.08 | 136.23 | 164.12 | 135.96 | 291.98 | 266.27 | 503.89 | 373.08 | 323.35 | 145.42 | 143.69 | 223.97 |
E (kWh/m2) | 68.85 | 80.41 | 101.35 | 110.29 | 101.15 | 210.23 | 198.10 | 362.80 | 277.57 | 240.58 | 104.70 | 106.90 | 1962.93 |
40 m Height | |||||||||||||
Vm (m/s) | 3.836 | 4.042 | 4.533 | 4.628 | 4.676 | 6.159 | 6.428 | 8.050 | 6.933 | 6.844 | 5.173 | 4.554 | 5.488 |
k | 2.1413 | 2.3169 | 2.6228 | 2.2715 | 2.6986 | 2.4470 | 3.1305 | 3.1047 | 2.4757 | 3.1022 | 3.5364 | 2.6969 | 2.7120 |
c (m/s) | 4.3369 | 4.5653 | 5.1035 | 5.2295 | 5.2628 | 6.9364 | 7.1740 | 8.9964 | 7.8119 | 7.6429 | 5.7438 | 5.1286 | 6.1610 |
WPD (W/m2) | 58.49 | 65.24 | 86.41 | 100.78 | 89.54 | 213.82 | 207.46 | 409.61 | 300.03 | 253.27 | 104.34 | 81.80 | 164.23 |
E (kWh/m2) | 42.12 | 48.54 | 64.29 | 67.72 | 66.62 | 153.95 | 154.35 | 294.92 | 223.22 | 188.43 | 75.12 | 60.86 | 1440.14 |
Turbine Model | Rotor Diameter (m) | Swept Area (m2) | Hub Heights (m) | Rated Power (kW) | Cut-in Wind Speed (m/s) | Rated Wind Speed (m/s) | Cut-out Wind Speed (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vestas V126/3300 | 126 | 12,469 | 166, 149, 147, 137, 117, 87 | 3300 | 3 | 12 | 22.5 |
Goldwind GW121/2500 | 121 | 11,595 | 120, 90 | 2500 | 3 | 9.3 | 22 |
Nordex n80/2500 | 80 | 5026 | 80, 70, 60 | 2500 | 3 | 15 | 25 |
Nordex n90/2300 | 90 | 6362 | 105, 100, 80, 70 | 2300 | 3 | 13 | 25 |
Suzlon S97/2100 | 97 | 7386 | 120, 90 | 2100 | 3.5 | 11 | 20 |
Suzlon S88/2100 | 88 | 6082 | 100, 80 | 2100 | 4 | 14 | 25 |
Gamesa G97/2000 | 97 | 7389.8 | 120, 104, 100, 90, 78 | 2000 | 3 | 19 | 25 |
GE 1.6xle | 82.5 | 5346 | 100, 80 | 1600 | 2 | 12 | 25 |
Nordex n60/1300 | 60 | 2828 | 69, 60, 46 | 1300 | 3 | 15 | 25 |
Suzlon S66/1250 | 66 | 3422 | 56, 74 | 1250 | 4 | 14 | 25 |
Turbine Model | Power Generated (kW) | Energy Produced (MWh) | Capacity Factor | Cost in Cent/kWh | Power Generated (kW) | Energy Produced (MWh) | Capacity Factor | Cost in Cent/kWh |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hub height | 120 m | 100 m | ||||||
Goldwind GW121/2500 | 1588.022 | 13,911.070 | 63.52% | 3.6460 | 1498.683 | 13,128.465 | 59.95% | 3.8633 |
Vestas V126/3300 | 1923.550 | 16,850.301 | 58.29% | 3.9732 | 1794.205 | 15,717.235 | 54.37% | 4.2596 |
Gamesa G97/2000 | 1198.523 | 10,176.659 | 58.09% | 3.9871 | 1083.458 | 9491.095 | 54.17% | 4.2751 |
General Electric 1.6xle | 899.114 | 7876.240 | 56.19% | 4.1213 | 833.467 | 7301.175 | 52.09% | 4.4459 |
Suzlon S97/2100 | 1178.551 | 10,324.110 | 56.12% | 4.1267 | 1093.315 | 9577.440 | 52.06% | 4.4484 |
Nordex n90/2300 | 1095.909 | 9600.163 | 47.65% | 4.8605 | 996.626 | 8730.443 | 43.33% | 5.3447 |
Suzlon S88/2100 | 980.395 | 8588.260 | 46.69% | 4.9607 | 894.229 | 7833.447 | 42.58% | 5.4387 |
Suzlon S66/1250 | 566.403 | 4961.687 | 45.31% | 5.1111 | 512.977 | 4493.677 | 41.04% | 5.6434 |
Nordex n60/1300 | 495.826 | 4343.436 | 38.14% | 6.0721 | 443.417 | 3884.334 | 34.11% | 6.7898 |
Nordex n80/2500 | 938.455 | 8220.869 | 37.54% | 6.1696 | 833.860 | 7304.610 | 33.35% | 6.9434 |
Hub height | 80 m | 60 m | ||||||
Goldwind GW121/2500 | 1369.459 | 11,996.465 | 54.78% | 4.2278 | 1237.387 | 10,839.510 | 49.50% | 4.6791 |
Vestas V126/3300 | 1612.869 | 14,128.731 | 48.87% | 4.7385 | 1433.344 | 12,556.096 | 43.43% | 5.3320 |
Gamesa G97/2000 | 974.237 | 8534.314 | 48.71% | 4.7544 | 865.561 | 7582.313 | 43.28% | 5.3513 |
General Electric 1.6xle | 744.393 | 6520.880 | 46.52% | 4.9779 | 654.818 | 5736.210 | 40.93% | 5.6588 |
Suzlon S97/2100 | 976.226 | 8551.740 | 46.49% | 4.9819 | 860.184 | 7535.210 | 40.96% | 5.6540 |
Nordex n90/2300 | 872.157 | 7640.097 | 37.92% | 6.1075 | 754.193 | 6606.727 | 32.79% | 7.0627 |
Suzlon S88/2100 | 784.577 | 6872.895 | 37.36% | 6.1989 | 681.072 | 5966.190 | 32.43% | 7.1409 |
Suzlon S66/1250 | 447.351 | 3918.791 | 35.79% | 6.4713 | 385.672 | 3378.489 | 30.85% | 7.5062 |
Nordex n60/1300 | 383.443 | 3358.965 | 29.50% | 7.8518 | 328.447 | 2877.200 | 25.27% | 9.1665 |
Nordex n80/2500 | 714.572 | 6259.654 | 28.58% | 8.1026 | 606.776 | 5315.355 | 24.27% | 9.5420 |
Methods | V80 m | V60 m | V40 m | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
c | k | c | k | c | k | |
EMJ | 7.2975 | 2.2078 | 6.8927 | 2.2473 | 6.2013 | 2.258 |
EML | 7.3005 | 2.2078 | 6.8953 | 2.2473 | 6.2035 | 2.258 |
EPF | 7.2968 | 2.2498 | 6.892 | 2.2743 | 6.2015 | 2.249 |
GM | 7.2952 | 2.0815 | 6.8982 | 2.1341 | 6.2028 | 2.235 |
MMLM | 7.2938 | 2.1918 | 6.8906 | 2.2327 | 6.2033 | 2.2417 |
Height | Model | MSE | RMSE | MAE | R | R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
80 m | MMLM | 129.30 × 10−6 | 11,371.17 × 10−6 | 7572.51 × 10−6 | 968.861 × 10−3 | 938.683 × 10−3 |
EML | 131.66 × 10−6 | 1147.433 × 10−6 | 7573.19 × 10−6 | 968.604 × 10−3 | 938.194 × 10−3 | |
EMJ | 132.0 × 10−6 | 1149.265 × 10−6 | 7579.21 × 10−6 | 968.533 × 10−3 | 938.055 × 10−3 | |
EPF | 142.24 × 10−6 | 1192.628 × 10−6 | 7705.54 × 10−6 | 967.231 × 10−3 | 935.536 × 10−3 | |
GM | 114.6 × 10−6 | 1070.514 × 10−6 | 7632.57 × 10−6 | 970.493 × 10−3 | 941.856 × 10−3 | |
60 m | MMLM | 110.60 × 10−6 | 1051.659 × 10−6 | 6433.59 × 10−6 | 976.764 × 10−3 | 954.068 × 10−3 |
EML | 111.82 × 10−6 | 1057.453 × 10−6 | 6424.57 × 10−6 | 976.709 × 10−3 | 953.961 × 10−3 | |
EMJ | 112.16 × 10−6 | 1059.078 × 10−6 | 6434.43 × 10−6 | 976.656 × 10−3 | 953.857 × 10−3 | |
EPF | 116.30 × 10−6 | 1078.448 × 10−6 | 6452.45 × 10−6 | 976.277 × 10−3 | 953.116 × 10−3 | |
GM | 103.94 × 10−6 | 1019.515 × 10−6 | 6512.05 × 10−6 | 977.039 × 10−3 | 954.607 × 10−3 | |
40 m | MMLM | 82.44 × 10−6 | 9079.72 × 10−6 | 5590.02 × 10−6 | 985.959 × 10−3 | 972.115 × 10−3 |
EML | 81.65 × 10−6 | 9036.26 × 10−6 | 5669.49 × 10−6 | 986.139 × 10−3 | 972.472 × 10−3 | |
EMJ | 81.74 × 10−6 | 9041.08 × 10−6 | 5671.73 × 10−6 | 986.129 × 10−3 | 972.451 × 10−3 | |
EPF | 82.12 × 10−6 | 9061.97 × 10−6 | 5628.14 × 10−6 | 986.036 × 10−3 | 972.266 × 10−3 | |
GM | 82.88 × 10−6 | 9103.91 × 10−6 | 5557.66 × 10−6 | 985.871 × 10−3 | 971.941 × 10−3 |
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Hussain Baloch, M.; Ishak, D.; Tahir Chaudary, S.; Ali, B.; Asghar Memon, A.; Ahmed Jumani, T. Wind Power Integration: An Experimental Investigation for Powering Local Communities. Energies 2019, 12, 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040621
Hussain Baloch M, Ishak D, Tahir Chaudary S, Ali B, Asghar Memon A, Ahmed Jumani T. Wind Power Integration: An Experimental Investigation for Powering Local Communities. Energies. 2019; 12(4):621. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040621
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussain Baloch, Mazhar, Dahaman Ishak, Sohaib Tahir Chaudary, Baqir Ali, Ali Asghar Memon, and Touqeer Ahmed Jumani. 2019. "Wind Power Integration: An Experimental Investigation for Powering Local Communities" Energies 12, no. 4: 621. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12040621