Comparative Study of Ramp-Rate Control Algorithms for PV with Energy Storage Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Power Smoothing Methods
2.1. Moving Average (MA)
2.2. Exponential Moving Average (EMA)
2.3. First Order Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
2.4. Second Order Low-Pass Filter (2-LPF)
3. Methodology
3.1. Comparison and Assumptions
- Ability to limit the RR to 10% per minute of the rated power,
- Battery SOC level and status at end of the day,
- Battery energy level,
- Battery Cycles.
- The DC/DC converters and inverter are simulated as average models, since the focus of this work is not in the dynamic response.
- The PV array considers a constant temperature, invariant during the system operation.
- The battery capacitance is treated as constant during the system simulation. This is considered as the degradation in the battery capacitance is not significant for a 1-day operation.
- The effect of the temperature is not taken into account on the battery model.
3.2. System Description
3.3. Analysis Conditions
3.3.1. Irradiance Profile
3.3.2. Ramp-Rate Calculation
4. Results
4.1. Power Smoothing Evaluation
4.1.1. Moving Average (MA)
4.1.2. Exponential Moving Average (EMA)
4.1.3. First Order Low-Pass Filter (LPF)
4.1.4. Second Order Low-Pass Filter (2-LPF)
4.2. Energy and Power Exchange with Battery
4.3. Battery Cycles
4.4. Lifetime Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Li-Ion Battery |
---|---|
Battery constant voltage E0 [V] | 201.5 |
Internal resistance R [Ω] | 0.255 |
Battery capacity Q [Ah] | 1.5 |
Polarization resistance/constant K [Ω or V/(Ah)] | 0.76 |
Exponential zone amplitude A [V] | 8.21 |
Exponential zone time constant inverse B [A/h] | 12 |
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Martins, J.; Spataru, S.; Sera, D.; Stroe, D.-I.; Lashab, A. Comparative Study of Ramp-Rate Control Algorithms for PV with Energy Storage Systems. Energies 2019, 12, 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071342
Martins J, Spataru S, Sera D, Stroe D-I, Lashab A. Comparative Study of Ramp-Rate Control Algorithms for PV with Energy Storage Systems. Energies. 2019; 12(7):1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071342
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, João, Sergiu Spataru, Dezso Sera, Daniel-Ioan Stroe, and Abderezak Lashab. 2019. "Comparative Study of Ramp-Rate Control Algorithms for PV with Energy Storage Systems" Energies 12, no. 7: 1342. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12071342