Energy, Trade, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Nexus in Sri Lanka: Bounds Testing Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Economic Growth, Energy and Environmental Degradation
2.2. Urbanization and Environmental Degradation
2.3. Trade and Environmental Degradation
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Empirical Model of the Study
3.2. Variables, Data and Econometric Techniques
4. Results of the Study
5. Results Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | ZA t-Stat. | Structural Break | Variable | ZA t-Stat. | Structural Break |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
logCEP | −3.73 | 1996 | logCEP | −8.03 | 1990 |
logEC | −3.25 | 1991 | logEC | −6.71 | 1996 |
logPC | −2.08 | 1987 | logPC | −5.21 | 2003 |
logPC2 | −1.64 | 1987 | logPC2 | −5.25 | 2003 |
logTO | −2.814 | 2008 | logTO | −5.91 | 1987 |
logURB | −1.13 | 1997 | logURB | −6.73 | 1994 |
Estimated Models | Structural Break | F-Stat. | Conclusion |
---|---|---|---|
Equation (3) | 1996 | 3.48 | Cointegrated |
Equation (4) | 1991 | 8.50 | Cointegrated |
Equation (5) | 1987 | 33.23 | Cointegrated |
Equation (6) | 1987 | 35.73 | Cointegrated |
Equation (7) | 2008 | 2.06 | Not Cointegrated |
Equation (8) | 1997 | 7.16 | Cointegrated |
Dependent Variable: logCEP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Regressors | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | Prob. |
logEC | 1.618222 | 0.161881 | 9.996346 | 0.0000 |
logPC | −8.811837 | 1.817011 | −4.849633 | 0.0000 |
logPC2 | 0.653741 | 0.112424 | 5.814971 | 0.0000 |
logTO | 0.658351 | 0.058800 | 11.19645 | 0.0000 |
logURB | −1.680952 | 0.545094 | −3.083784 | 0.0045 |
Constant | 0.918843 | 0.038952 | 23.58881 | 0.0000 |
Dum | 44.22906 | 3.745747 | 11.80781 | 0.0000 |
Dependent Variable: ΔlogCEP | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | Coefficient | Std. Error | t-Statistic | Prob. |
Constant | 0.084013 | 0.063505 | 1.322930 | 0.1966 |
ΔlogEC | 1.030482 | 0.408627 | 2.521818 | 0.0176 |
ΔlogPC | 5.398772 | 6.594151 | 0.818721 | 0.4199 |
ΔlogPC2 | −0.355499 | 0.422867 | −0.840688 | 0.4076 |
ΔlogTO | 0.247078 | 0.185126 | 1.334648 | 0.1927 |
ΔlogURB | −7.054173 | 4.154252 | −1.698061 | 0.1006 |
Dum | 0.030261 | 0.089625 | 0.337643 | 0.7382 |
ECT(−1) | −0.661063 | 0.189424 | −3.489858 | 0.0016 |
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Gasimli, O.; Haq, I.u.; Naradda Gamage, S.K.; Shihadeh, F.; Rajapakshe, P.S.K.; Shafiq, M. Energy, Trade, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Nexus in Sri Lanka: Bounds Testing Approach. Energies 2019, 12, 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091655
Gasimli O, Haq Iu, Naradda Gamage SK, Shihadeh F, Rajapakshe PSK, Shafiq M. Energy, Trade, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Nexus in Sri Lanka: Bounds Testing Approach. Energies. 2019; 12(9):1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091655
Chicago/Turabian StyleGasimli, Oruj, Ihtisham ul Haq, Sisira Kumara Naradda Gamage, Fadi Shihadeh, Prasanna Sisira Kumara Rajapakshe, and Muhammad Shafiq. 2019. "Energy, Trade, Urbanization and Environmental Degradation Nexus in Sri Lanka: Bounds Testing Approach" Energies 12, no. 9: 1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091655