Evaluation of the Brake’s Performance Dependence Upon Technical Condition of Car Tires as a Factor of Road Safety Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Tire Size Depending on the Vehicle Weight
2.2. Tire Size Depending on the Date of Manufacture of the Vehicle
2.3. Analysis of the Influence of Tires on the Braking Process During Control Ests on the VIS
- Weight measuring the axle of the vehicle (result calculated per kg);
- Two drive units that are made up of: A gear motor and a system of two rollers (welded steel drums) connected by a chain (Figure 5a,b);
- Aa system that measures braking forces using strain gauges.
- Ford Escort-MKVII 1.6 16 V, with a mileage of 200 km,
- Opel Astra-G 1.4 16 V, with a mileage of 165,000 km.
3. Results
3.1. Measurements of the Weight of the Front Axle Wheels–0 Series
3.2. Interval Measurements of Braking Forces—Series I
3.3. Measurements of Braking Forces Depending on the Pressure on the Brake Pedal—Series II
3.4. Measurements of Braking Forces at Varying Tire Inflation Pressures—Series III, IV, V, VI
4. Conclusions
- There is no clear trend of any decrease or increase in braking power depending on the inflation pressure of the tires in the tested pressure range.
- Tire tread wear has a virtually unpredictable effect on the braking force obtained.
- The additional payload of vehicles does not affect the increase or decrease in braking force, depending on the inflation pressure and tread wear level.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scale | Left Wheel | Right Wheel |
---|---|---|
Left scale | 422 | 352 |
Right scale | 429 | 373 |
Braking Force [kN] | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left Wheel | Right Wheel | |||||
Measurement Number | Interval 2 min. | Interval 4 min. | Interval 6 min. | Interval 2 min. | Interval 4 min. | Interval 6 min. |
1 | 2.16 | 2.11 | 2.29 | 2.04 | 2.03 | 2.15 |
2 | 2.05 | 2.21 | 2.17 | 1.88 | 2.12 | 2.07 |
3 | 2.24 | 2.24 | 2.25 | 2.11 | 2.18 | 2.18 |
4 | 2.11 | 2.27 | 2.00 | 1.98 | 2.13 | 2.02 |
5 | 2.07 | 2.23 | 2.21 | 1.95 | 2.17 | 2.12 |
Average value | 2.13 | 2.21 | 2.18 | 1.99 | 2.13 | 2.11 |
Standard deviation | 0.08 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.06 |
Left Wheel | Right Wheel | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pedal Force [N] | ||||||
Measurement Number | 100 | 110 | 120 | 100 | 110 | 120 |
1 | 1.04 | 1.39 | 1.65 | 1.06 | 1.41 | 1.67 |
2 | 1.14 | 1.34 | 1.57 | 1.16 | 1.33 | 1.60 |
3 | 1.14 | 1.48 | 1.65 | 1.16 | 1.48 | 1.71 |
4 | 1.10 | 1.36 | 1.74 | 1.10 | 1.45 | 1.76 |
5 | 1.16 | 1.34 | 1.68 | 1.16 | 1.40 | 1.73 |
Average force on the wheels [kN] | 1.12 | 1.38 | 1.66 | 1.13 | 1.41 | 1.69 |
Measurement Number | Pumping Pressure | Force on the Brake Pedal | Braking Force Left Wheel | Braking Force Left Wheel Converted to the Pressure 145 N on the Pedal | Braking Force Right Wheel | Braking Force Right Wheel Converted to the Pressure 145 N on the Pedal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [N] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | |
1 | 0.14 | 148 | 2.02 | 1.98 | 2.10 | 2.06 |
2 | 0.14 | 149 | 1.86 | 1.81 | 1.95 | 1.90 |
3 | 0.15 | 147 | 2.11 | 2.08 | 2.21 | 2.18 |
4 | 0.15 | 146 | 2.06 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 1.97 |
5 | 0.16 | 152 | 2.23 | 2.13 | 2.28 | 2.18 |
6 | 0.16 | 154 | 2.33 | 2.19 | 2.19 | 2.06 |
7 | 0.17 | 148 | 2.17 | 2.13 | 2.05 | 2.01 |
8 | 0.17 | 154 | 2.39 | 2.25 | 2.20 | 2.07 |
9 | 0.18 | 151 | 2.21 | 2.12 | 2.17 | 2.08 |
10 | 0.18 | 146 | 2.12 | 2.11 | 2.06 | 2.05 |
11 | 0.19 | 126 | 2.01 | 2.31 | 2.06 | 2.37 |
12 | 0.19 | 131 | 2.06 | 2.28 | 2.07 | 2.29 |
13 | 0.20 | 129 | 2.01 | 2.26 | 2.05 | 2.30 |
14 | 0.20 | 133 | 2.12 | 2.31 | 2.13 | 2.32 |
15 | 0.21 | 135 | 2.07 | 2.22 | 2.09 | 2.24 |
16 | 0.21 | 146 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.16 | 2.15 |
17 | 0.22 | 143 | 2.12 | 2.15 | 2.12 | 2.15 |
18 | 0.22 | 151 | 2.12 | 2.04 | 2.16 | 2.07 |
19 | 0.23 | 146 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.15 | 2.14 |
20 | 0.23 | 151 | 2.23 | 2.14 | 2.19 | 2.10 |
21 | 0.24 | 148 | 2.12 | 2.08 | 2.14 | 2.10 |
22 | 0.24 | 149 | 2.10 | 2.04 | 2.13 | 2.07 |
23 | 0.25 | 140 | 2.02 | 2.09 | 2.04 | 2.11 |
24 | 0.25 | 146 | 2.14 | 2.13 | 2.14 | 2.13 |
25 | 0.26 | 143 | 2.11 | 2.14 | 2.12 | 2.15 |
26 | 0.26 | 148 | 2.14 | 2.10 | 2.15 | 2.11 |
27 | 0.27 | 146 | 2.10 | 2.09 | 2.12 | 2.11 |
28 | 0.27 | 151 | 2.23 | 2.14 | 2.21 | 2.12 |
29 | 0.28 | 148 | 2.14 | 2.10 | 2.17 | 2.13 |
30 | 0.28 | 140 | 2.11 | 2.19 | 2.10 | 2.18 |
31 | 0.29 | 140 | 2.09 | 2.16 | 2.11 | 2.19 |
32 | 0.29 | 141 | 2.11 | 2.17 | 2.13 | 2.19 |
33 | 0.30 | 143 | 2.16 | 2.19 | 2.12 | 2.15 |
34 | 0.30 | 151 | 2.21 | 2.12 | 2.21 | 2.12 |
Average | 145 | 2.13 | 2.13 |
Measurement Number | Pumping Pressure | Force on the Brake Pedal | Braking Force Left Wheel | Braking Force Left Wheel Converted to the Pressure 162 N on the Pedal | Braking Force Right Wheel | Braking Force Right Wheel Converted to the Pressure 162 N on the Pedal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [N] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | |
1 | 0.15 | 166 | 2.55 | 2.49 | 2.50 | 2.44 |
2 | 0.15 | 166 | 2.75 | 2.68 | 2.60 | 2.54 |
3 | 0.16 | 163 | 2.58 | 2.56 | 2.42 | 2.41 |
4 | 0.16 | 168 | 2.81 | 2.71 | 2.72 | 2.62 |
5 | 0.17 | 157 | 2.55 | 2.63 | 2.60 | 2.68 |
6 | 0.17 | 174 | 2.84 | 2.64 | 2.77 | 2.58 |
7 | 0.18 | 158 | 2.52 | 2.58 | 2.61 | 2.68 |
8 | 0.18 | 165 | 2.74 | 2.69 | 2.59 | 2.54 |
9 | 0.19 | 154 | 2.37 | 2.49 | 2.47 | 2.60 |
10 | 0.19 | 154 | 2.48 | 2.61 | 2.51 | 2.64 |
11 | 0.20 | 160 | 2.58 | 2.61 | 2.63 | 2.66 |
12 | 0.20 | 166 | 2.63 | 2.57 | 2.76 | 2.69 |
13 | 0.21 | 151 | 2.40 | 2.57 | 2.48 | 2.66 |
14 | 0.21 | 154 | 2.48 | 2.61 | 2.55 | 2.68 |
15 | 0.22 | 154 | 2.28 | 2.40 | 2.39 | 2.51 |
16 | 0.22 | 154 | 2.33 | 2.45 | 2.44 | 2.57 |
17 | 0.23 | 171 | 2.59 | 2.45 | 2.60 | 2.46 |
18 | 0.23 | 163 | 2.43 | 2.42 | 2.40 | 2.39 |
19 | 0.24 | 169 | 2.67 | 2.56 | 2.57 | 2.46 |
20 | 0.24 | 165 | 2.54 | 2.49 | 2.48 | 2.43 |
21 | 0.25 | 171 | 2.62 | 2.48 | 2.48 | 2.35 |
22 | 0.25 | 160 | 2.53 | 2.56 | 2.62 | 2.65 |
23 | 0.26 | 166 | 2.60 | 2.54 | 2.52 | 2.46 |
24 | 0.26 | 160 | 2.43 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.52 |
25 | 0.27 | 169 | 2.53 | 2.43 | 2.47 | 2.37 |
26 | 0.27 | 161 | 2.58 | 2.60 | 2.63 | 2.65 |
27 | 0.28 | 168 | 2.57 | 2.48 | 2.66 | 2.57 |
28 | 0.28 | 158 | 2.46 | 2.52 | 2.56 | 2.62 |
29 | 0.29 | 157 | 2.37 | 2.45 | 2.51 | 2.59 |
30 | 0.29 | 160 | 2.51 | 2.54 | 2.56 | 2.59 |
31 | 0.30 | 160 | 2.49 | 2.52 | 2.61 | 2.64 |
32 | 0.30 | 166 | 2.58 | 2.52 | 2.63 | 2.57 |
33 | 0.31 | 158 | 2.49 | 2.55 | 2.29 | 2.35 |
34 | 0.31 | 165 | 2.66 | 2.61 | 2.65 | 2.60 |
Average | 162 | 2.54 | 2.55 |
Measurement Number | Pumping Pressure | Force on the Brake Pedal | Braking Force Left Wheel | Braking Force Left Wheel Converted to the Pressure 140 N on the Pedal | Braking Force Right Wheel | Braking Force Right Wheel Converted to the Pressure 140 N on the Pedal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [N] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | |
1 | 0.15 | 133 | 2.06 | 2.17 | 1.95 | 2.05 |
2 | 0.15 | 136 | 1.89 | 1.95 | 1.83 | 1.88 |
3 | 0.16 | 139 | 1.80 | 1.81 | 1.91 | 1.92 |
4 | 0.16 | 140 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 1.94 |
5 | 0.17 | 138 | 1.99 | 2.02 | 1.94 | 1.97 |
6 | 0.17 | 131 | 1.79 | 1.91 | 1.84 | 1.97 |
7 | 0.18 | 122 | 1.85 | 2.12 | 1.93 | 2.21 |
8 | 0.18 | 136 | 1.97 | 2.03 | 1.98 | 2.04 |
9 | 0.19 | 136 | 1.81 | 1.86 | 1.88 | 1.94 |
10 | 0.19 | 137 | 1.89 | 1.93 | 1.83 | 1.87 |
11 | 0.20 | 145 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 2.01 | 1.94 |
12 | 0.20 | 135 | 1.85 | 1.92 | 1.88 | 1.95 |
13 | 0.21 | 139 | 1.95 | 1.96 | 2.00 | 2.01 |
14 | 0.21 | 152 | 2.10 | 1.93 | 2.02 | 1.86 |
15 | 0.22 | 145 | 2.08 | 2.01 | 2.06 | 1.99 |
16 | 0.22 | 137 | 2.04 | 2.08 | 2.03 | 2.07 |
17 | 0.23 | 146 | 2.18 | 2.09 | 2.23 | 2.14 |
18 | 0.23 | 140 | 2.07 | 2.07 | 2.00 | 2.00 |
19 | 0.24 | 145 | 2.00 | 1.93 | 2.03 | 1.96 |
20 | 0.24 | 139 | 2.04 | 2.05 | 1.99 | 2.00 |
21 | 0.25 | 139 | 2.03 | 2.04 | 2.09 | 2.11 |
22 | 0.25 | 137 | 2.19 | 2.24 | 2.10 | 2.15 |
23 | 0.26 | 146 | 2.21 | 2.12 | 2.04 | 1.96 |
24 | 0.26 | 139 | 2.09 | 2.11 | 2.13 | 2.15 |
25 | 0.27 | 140 | 2.09 | 2.09 | 2.17 | 2.17 |
26 | 0.27 | 142 | 2.13 | 2.10 | 2.21 | 2.18 |
27 | 0.28 | 149 | 2.19 | 2.06 | 2.17 | 2.04 |
28 | 0.28 | 143 | 2.10 | 2.06 | 2.16 | 2.11 |
29 | 0.29 | 146 | 2.07 | 1.98 | 2.02 | 1.94 |
30 | 0.29 | 142 | 2.08 | 2.05 | 2.15 | 2.12 |
31 | 0.30 | 143 | 2.14 | 2.10 | 2.13 | 2.09 |
32 | 0.30 | 143 | 2.09 | 2.05 | 2.07 | 2.03 |
33 | 0.31 | 143 | 2.01 | 1.97 | 2.12 | 2.08 |
34 | 0.31 | 145 | 2.05 | 1.98 | 2.12 | 2.05 |
Average | 140 | 2.02 | 2.03 |
Measurement Number | Pumping Pressure | Force on the Brake Pedal | Braking Force Left Wheel | Braking Force Left Wheel Converted to the Pressure 172 N on the Pedal | Braking Force Right Wheel | Braking Force Right Wheel Converted to the Pressure 172 N on the Pedal |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MPa] | [N] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | [kN] | |
1 | 0.15 | 170 | 2.55 | 2.58 | 2.71 | 2.74 |
2 | 0.15 | 171 | 2.57 | 2.59 | 2.72 | 2.74 |
3 | 0.16 | 175 | 2.57 | 2.53 | 2.69 | 2.64 |
4 | 0.16 | |||||
5 | 0.17 | 161 | 2.16 | 2.31 | 2.25 | 2.40 |
6 | 0.17 | 177 | 2.57 | 2.50 | 2.68 | 2.60 |
7 | 0.18 | 166 | 2.41 | 2.50 | 2.55 | 2.64 |
8 | 0.18 | 171 | 2.31 | 2.32 | 2.43 | 2.44 |
9 | 0.19 | |||||
10 | 0.19 | 168 | 2.43 | 2.49 | 2.58 | 2.64 |
11 | 0.20 | 171 | 2.41 | 2.42 | 2.53 | 2.54 |
12 | 0.20 | |||||
13 | 0.21 | 170 | 2.46 | 2.49 | 2.62 | 2.65 |
14 | 0.21 | 175 | 2.56 | 2.52 | 2.70 | 2.65 |
15 | 0.22 | 173 | 2.50 | 2.49 | 2.67 | 2.65 |
16 | 0.22 | 177 | 2.67 | 2.59 | 2.78 | 2.70 |
17 | 0.23 | 175 | 2.60 | 2.56 | 2.72 | 2.67 |
18 | 0.23 | 174 | 2.48 | 2.45 | 2.59 | 2.56 |
19 | 0.24 | 171 | 2.45 | 2.46 | 2.57 | 2.59 |
20 | 0.24 | 178 | 2.70 | 2.61 | 2.83 | 2.73 |
21 | 0.25 | 178 | 2.59 | 2.50 | 2.72 | 2.63 |
22 | 0.25 | 166 | 2.38 | 2.47 | 2.48 | 2.57 |
23 | 0.26 | 174 | 2.58 | 2.55 | 2.69 | 2.66 |
24 | 0.26 | 177 | 2.42 | 2.35 | 2.54 | 2.47 |
25 | 0.27 | 171 | 2.47 | 2.48 | 2.59 | 2.61 |
26 | 0.27 | 183 | 2.58 | 2.42 | 2.70 | 2.54 |
27 | 0.28 | 175 | 2.67 | 2.62 | 2.80 | 2.75 |
28 | 0.28 | 177 | 2.49 | 2.42 | 2.54 | 2.47 |
29 | 0.29 | 169 | 2.47 | 2.51 | 2.59 | 2.64 |
30 | 0.29 | 175 | 2.57 | 2.53 | 2.67 | 2.62 |
31 | 0.30 | 166 | 2.58 | 2.67 | 2.65 | 2.75 |
32 | 0.30 | 161 | 2.26 | 2.41 | 2.37 | 2.53 |
33 | 0.31 | 168 | 2.43 | 2.49 | 2.51 | 2.57 |
34 | 0.31 | 165 | 2.55 | 2.66 | 2.31 | 2.41 |
Average | 172 | 2.50 | 2.61 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Orynycz, O.; Tucki, K.; Wasiak, A.; Sobótka, R.; Gola, A. Evaluation of the Brake’s Performance Dependence Upon Technical Condition of Car Tires as a Factor of Road Safety Management. Energies 2020, 13, 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010009
Orynycz O, Tucki K, Wasiak A, Sobótka R, Gola A. Evaluation of the Brake’s Performance Dependence Upon Technical Condition of Car Tires as a Factor of Road Safety Management. Energies. 2020; 13(1):9. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010009
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrynycz, Olga, Karol Tucki, Andrzej Wasiak, Robert Sobótka, and Arkadiusz Gola. 2020. "Evaluation of the Brake’s Performance Dependence Upon Technical Condition of Car Tires as a Factor of Road Safety Management" Energies 13, no. 1: 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13010009