Improvement of Extracted Power of Pole Mounted Solar Panels by Effective Cooling Using Aluminum Heat Sink under Hot Weather and Variable Wind Speed Conditions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. An Overview on Solar Panels
2.1. Solar Panel Structure
2.2. Solar Cell Principle of Operation
3. Solar Cell Energy Transmitted Mathematical Model
4. Solar Energy Electrical Model
5. The Methodology of Temperature Mitigation
5.1. Design and Selection of Aluminum Heat Sink
5.2. Assembly the Aluminum Heat Sink to the Solar Panel Back Sheet
6. Simulation Model
6.1. Simulation of Solar Panel without a Heat Sink
6.2. Simulation of Solar Panel with an Aluminum Heat Sink
6.3. Comparison of Results of the Two Simulation Models
7. The Experimental Setup Models
7.1. The Experimental Setup Model without Heat Sink
7.2. The Experimental Setup Model with an Aluminum Heat Sink
7.3. Comparison and Comments
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
QC | Amount of energy inherited through the glass surface (Joule or W.h). | Rc | Contact thermal resistance (°C/W). |
Qel | Useful energy is converted to electrical energy (Joule or W.h). | RHs | Lumped heat sink thermal resistance (°C/W). |
Qth | Thermal energy losses (Joule or W.h). | Rfin | Fins thermal resistance (°C/W). |
QfT | Total heat transfer rate from the heat sink surface (Joule or W.h). | Rfins | Lumped thermal resistance of total number of fins (°C/W). |
Qfins | Heat transfer rate from the heat sink fins surface (Joule or W.h). | Rfa | Thermal resistance of the ambient air through the film (°C/W). |
Qunfins | Heat transfer rate from the heat sink unfins surface (Joule or W.h). | Rbpb | Thermal resistance of the back heat sink base plate (°C/W). |
Qr | Thermal energy rating that results from the air touching surfaces (Joule or W.h). | Rinr | Interface thermal denoted (°C/W). |
αC | Cell absorptivity. | Rsp | Heat sink spread thermal resistance (°C/W). |
λ | Thermal diffusivity (= 2.84 × 10−5 m2/s). | Rcd | Conduction thermal network resistance (°C/W). |
τg | Glass transmissivity. | Rcv | Convection thermal network resistances (°C/W). |
q | Electron charge (= 1.602 × 10−19 C). | Rr | Radiation thermal network resistance (°C/W). |
ψav | Dimensionless spreading resistance | Rs | Series resistance of single diode solar cell (Ω). |
Sr | Solar radiation (W/m2). | Rsh | Shunt resistance of single diode solar cell (Ω). |
fp | Packing factor that refers to the area filled with solar cells from the total surface area. | ke | Thermal conductivity of the edge insulation [W/(m.K)]. |
FF | Fill factor. | k | Thermal conductivity [W/(m.K)]. |
g | Gravitational constant (= 9.81 m/s2). | ka | Thermal conductivity of the air (= 0.0291 [W/(m.K)]). |
A | Surface area (m2). | Kr | Interface thermal conductivity [W/(m.K)]. |
Ae | Edge area (m2). | KBZ | Boltzmann constant (= 1.3807 × 10−23 J/K). |
Af | Fin cross-sectional area (m2). | UL | Overall heat transfer coefficient. |
Afv | Vehicle front area (m2). | Ut | Heat transfer coefficients of top. |
Afins | Fins area of the heat sink (m2). | Ub | Heat transfer coefficients of the bottom. |
Aunfins | Total unfins area of the heat sink (m2). | Ue | Heat transfer coefficients of the edges. |
H | Heat sink height (m). | t | Thickness of any solar panel layer (mm). |
W | Heat sink width (m). | tbp | Thickness of heat sink base plate (mm). |
df | Spacing between two consequential fins (m). | tf | Thickness of heat sink fin (mm). |
ηel | Eelectrical efficiency. | te | Edge insulation thickness (mm). |
ηo | Nominal electrical efficiency | hr | Everall heat transfer coefficient. |
ηth | Thermal efficiency. | hr | Radiation heat transfer coefficient. |
ηfins | Efficiency of heat sink fins. | hcv | Convection heat transfer coefficient. |
β | Temperature coefficient that relies on the material type (K−1). | hc | Surrounding air heat transfer coefficient due to convection |
To | Solar cell temperature at the () Standard Test Conditions (°C or K). | hw | Convective heat transfer coefficient due to wind speed. |
Ta | Average ambient temperature (°C or K). | CA | Air specific heat |
TC | Solar cell temperature at the operating conditions (°C or K). | CD | Coefficient of aerodynamic drag which depends on vehicle brand and is in the range of 0.297. |
TG | Glass temperature (°C or K). | Cg | Constant = 2.677 × 104 for silicon. |
Tb | Back sheet temperature (°C or K). | ce | Empirical constant in the range of 0.593. |
Tc* | Cell temperature when the efficiency Approaching to zero (°C or K). | Eg | Bandgap energy that relies on the material type, Ego = 1.12 eV or 1.794 × 10−19 J. |
Ts | Sky temperature (°C or K). | ɛr | Material emissivity of heat sink. |
THs | Temperature of heat sink surface (°C or K). | ɛ | Emissivity coefficient of any solar panel layer. |
Tm | Mean absorbed cell temperature (°C or K). | µ | Kinematic viscosity of the air (= 1.96 × 10−5 m2/s). |
δ | Volumetric coefficient of expansion (K−1) | σ | Porosity hole area to solar panel area (= 5.67 × 10−8 J/K) |
a | Diode ideality factor (1 ≤ a ≤ 2). | p | Perimeter of solar panel (m). |
ρ | Density of the air (= 1.225 kg/m3). | pf | Fin perimeter (m). |
Pmpp | Output power (W) that is tracked at the Maximum Power Point (MPP). | ωr | Resultant wind speed due to natural air and turbulence air (m/s). |
Vmpp | Voltage of the PV source at the MPP (V). | ωs | Wind speed of natural air (m/s). |
VOC | Voltage of the PV source at open circuit (V). | ωt | Wind speed of turbulence air (m/s). |
Vpv | PV output voltage (V). | ωv | Vehicle average speed (m/s). |
VT | Thermal voltage (V). | Lv | The scaled turbulence motion length (m). |
Vd | Diode voltage (V). | Lch | Surface characteristic length of solar panel (m). |
Impp | Current of the PV source at the MPP (A). | nv | Vehicles number per unit length. |
ISC | Current of the PV source at short circuit (A). | Nf | Total number of fins. |
Ipv | PV output current (A). | Nu | Nusselt number. |
Id | Diode current (A). | Re | Reynold number. |
IL | Light current (A). | Pr | Prandtl number. |
Io | Reverse saturation current (A). | Ra | Rayleigh number. |
mA | Air mass flow rate. | Gr | Grashoff number. |
ζ | Reflection coefficient of the glass = 0.1. |
Appendix A
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Layer Material | t (mm) | k (W/(m.K)) | Τ | α | ɛ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glass | 4 | 0.78 | 0.90 | 0.02 | 0.91 |
Ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) | 0.4 | 0.34 | 0.97 | 0.03 | 0.85 |
Monocrystalline silicon | 0.4 | 158.726 | - | 1 | 0.67 |
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) | 0.5 | 0.15 | - | 1 | 0.85 |
Silicon grease | 0.5 | 2.2 | - | - | - |
Aluminum | 0.5 | 239 | - | - | 0.90 |
Parameters of Solar Module | Values & Units |
---|---|
Brand/Cell type | BLT/Monocrystalline |
Maximum Power | 250 W |
Power tolerance range | ±3% |
Module efficiency | 23.6% |
Voltage at open circuit Vo.c | 36.7 V |
Current at short circuit Is.c | 9 A |
Maximum power voltage Vmp | 30.6 V |
Maximum power current Imp | 8.17 A |
Normal operating cell temperature (NOCT) | 45 ± 2 °C |
Temperature Coefficient of Vo.c | −0.32%/°C |
Geometric (Length × Width × Hight) | 1646 × 990 × 45 mm |
nC (number of solar cells in series) | 60 |
αC | 0.9 |
τg | 0.95 |
fp | 0.9 |
Weather Parameters | Values & Units |
---|---|
Latitude | 21.49604° |
Longitude | 39.24492° |
Elevation | 75 m |
Sr | 672 W/m2 |
ωs | 4–7 m/s |
ωt | 0–11 m/s |
ωr | 4–18 m/s |
Ta | 315 K |
Parameters of the Heat Sink | Values & Units |
---|---|
L | 1646 mm |
W | 990 mm |
H | 40 mm |
tbp | 0.5 mm |
tf | 1.5 mm |
df | 25 mm |
N | 36 |
Material | Aluminum 6101-T6 |
Aluminum composition in Alloy | 97% |
Density | 2.70 g/cc |
Specific Heat Capacity | 0.895 J/g-°C |
Thermal Conductivity | 239 W/m-K |
Thermal resistance at natural convection | 0.56 °C/W |
Thermal resistance at forced convection | 0.088 °C/W |
Shear Strength | 138 MPa |
Ultimate Tensile Strength | 221 MPa |
ωr (m/s) | TG (K) | TEVAg (K) | TC (K) | TEVAb (K) | Tb (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 338.88 | 340.69 | 341.11 | 340.69 | 339.50 |
2 | 327.76 | 329.09 | 329.39 | 329.07 | 328.15 |
3 | 323.68 | 324.82 | 325.08 | 324.79 | 323.96 |
4 | 321.51 | 322.54 | 322.78 | 322.51 | 321.73 |
5 | 320.16 | 321.12 | 321.33 | 321.07 | 320.32 |
6 | 319.23 | 320.13 | 320.33 | 320.08 | 319.35 |
7 | 318.55 | 319.40 | 319.59 | 319.34 | 318.63 |
8 | 318.04 | 318.84 | 319.02 | 318.78 | 318.07 |
9 | 317.63 | 318.39 | 318.57 | 318.32 | 317.63 |
10 | 317.29 | 318.03 | 318.20 | 317.96 | 317.26 |
11 | 317.02 | 317.73 | 317.89 | 317.65 | 316.96 |
12 | 316.79 | 317.47 | 317.63 | 317.39 | 316.70 |
13 | 316.60 | 317.25 | 317.40 | 317.16 | 316.48 |
14 | 316.43 | 317.06 | 317.21 | 316.97 | 316.29 |
15 | 316.28 | 316.89 | 317.03 | 316.79 | 316.12 |
ωr (m/s) | hw (W/m2.K) | hrg (W/m2.K) | hrb (W/m2.K) | Ut (W/K) | Ub (W/m2.K) | Ue (W/m2.K) | ηel% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 5.50 | 9.27 | 7.98 | 13.51 | 12.71 | 0.08 | 12.74 |
2 | 9.58 | 10.68 | 8.58 | 17.97 | 16.79 | 0.08 | 13.47 |
3 | 13.25 | 12.35 | 9.30 | 22.05 | 20.47 | 0.08 | 13.73 |
4 | 16.68 | 14.15 | 10.02 | 25.82 | 23.83 | 0.08 | 13.87 |
5 | 19.94 | 16.07 | 10.72 | 29.35 | 26.94 | 0.08 | 13.96 |
6 | 23.07 | 18.12 | 11.40 | 32.70 | 29.84 | 0.08 | 14.02 |
7 | 26.10 | 20.31 | 12.06 | 35.90 | 32.56 | 0.07 | 14.07 |
8 | 29.05 | 22.64 | 12.70 | 38.98 | 35.13 | 0.07 | 14.10 |
9 | 31.92 | 25.14 | 13.33 | 41.96 | 37.57 | 0.07 | 14.13 |
10 | 34.72 | 27.81 | 13.94 | 44.85 | 39.90 | 0.07 | 14.16 |
11 | 37.47 | 30.68 | 14.53 | 47.67 | 42.12 | 0.07 | 14.17 |
12 | 40.17 | 33.77 | 15.11 | 50.43 | 44.25 | 0.07 | 14.19 |
13 | 42.83 | 37.09 | 15.69 | 53.14 | 46.30 | 0.07 | 14.20 |
14 | 45.45 | 40.68 | 16.25 | 55.82 | 48.26 | 0.07 | 14.22 |
15 | 48.03 | 44.55 | 16.80 | 58.46 | 50.16 | 0.07 | 14.23 |
ωr (m/s) | Qel (W) | Qt (W) | Qb (W) | Qe (W) | Q (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 112.63 | 430.87 | 436.25 | 2.20 | 981.95 |
2 | 119.01 | 417.49 | 444.22 | 1.23 | 981.95 |
3 | 121.36 | 406.89 | 452.84 | 0.87 | 981.95 |
4 | 122.61 | 397.43 | 461.24 | 0.68 | 981.95 |
5 | 123.40 | 388.65 | 469.35 | 0.56 | 981.95 |
6 | 123.94 | 380.35 | 477.19 | 0.48 | 981.95 |
7 | 124.34 | 372.42 | 484.78 | 0.42 | 981.95 |
8 | 124.65 | 364.78 | 492.15 | 0.37 | 981.95 |
9 | 124.90 | 357.39 | 499.33 | 0.33 | 981.95 |
10 | 125.10 | 350.21 | 506.34 | 0.30 | 981.95 |
11 | 125.27 | 343.22 | 513.19 | 0.28 | 981.95 |
12 | 125.41 | 336.39 | 519.89 | 0.26 | 981.95 |
13 | 125.54 | 329.71 | 526.46 | 0.24 | 981.95 |
14 | 125.64 | 323.17 | 532.91 | 0.22 | 981.95 |
15 | 125.74 | 316.76 | 539.25 | 0.21 | 981.95 |
ωr (m/s) | Voc (V) | Vmpp (V) | Isc (A) | Impp (A) | Pmpp (W) | FF | ηel% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 31.52 | 24.47 | 7.72 | 4.58 | 112.07 | 0.46 | 12.68 |
2 | 32.89 | 27.57 | 7.68 | 4.30 | 118.46 | 0.47 | 13.40 |
3 | 33.40 | 28.69 | 7.66 | 4.21 | 120.81 | 0.47 | 13.67 |
4 | 33.67 | 29.26 | 7.65 | 4.17 | 122.06 | 0.47 | 13.81 |
5 | 33.84 | 29.61 | 7.65 | 4.15 | 122.85 | 0.47 | 13.90 |
6 | 33.96 | 29.83 | 7.64 | 4.14 | 123.39 | 0.48 | 13.96 |
7 | 34.05 | 29.99 | 7.64 | 4.13 | 123.80 | 0.48 | 14.01 |
8 | 34.11 | 30.10 | 7.64 | 4.12 | 124.11 | 0.48 | 14.04 |
9 | 34.17 | 30.18 | 7.64 | 4.12 | 124.35 | 0.48 | 14.07 |
10 | 34.21 | 30.23 | 7.64 | 4.12 | 124.56 | 0.48 | 14.09 |
11 | 34.25 | 30.27 | 7.63 | 4.12 | 124.72 | 0.48 | 14.11 |
12 | 34.28 | 30.29 | 7.63 | 4.12 | 124.87 | 0.48 | 14.13 |
13 | 34.30 | 30.31 | 7.63 | 4.12 | 124.99 | 0.48 | 14.14 |
14 | 34.33 | 30.31 | 7.63 | 4.13 | 125.10 | 0.48 | 14.16 |
15 | 34.35 | 30.31 | 7.63 | 4.13 | 125.19 | 0.48 | 14.17 |
Parameters of the Thermal Grease | Values & Units |
---|---|
Brand | GD380 Thermal Paste |
Colour | Gray |
Specific gravity | 2.5 G/Cc |
Thermal conductivity | 2.2 W/m.K |
Operating temperature | −50~200 °C |
ωr (m/s) | TG (K) | TEVAg (K) | TC (K) | TEVAb (K) | Tb (K) | THs (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 328.61 | 329.97 | 330.29 | 330.09 | 329.55 | 329.55 |
2 | 321.99 | 323.05 | 323.29 | 323.10 | 322.57 | 322.57 |
3 | 319.57 | 320.49 | 320.70 | 320.51 | 319.98 | 319.98 |
4 | 318.30 | 319.12 | 319.31 | 319.13 | 318.60 | 318.60 |
5 | 317.51 | 318.27 | 318.44 | 318.25 | 317.72 | 317.72 |
6 | 316.97 | 317.68 | 317.84 | 317.65 | 317.12 | 317.12 |
7 | 316.59 | 317.24 | 317.39 | 317.20 | 316.67 | 316.67 |
8 | 316.29 | 316.91 | 317.05 | 316.86 | 316.32 | 316.32 |
9 | 316.07 | 316.64 | 316.77 | 316.58 | 316.04 | 316.04 |
10 | 315.88 | 316.42 | 316.55 | 316.36 | 315.82 | 315.82 |
11 | 315.73 | 316.24 | 316.36 | 316.17 | 315.63 | 315.63 |
12 | 315.61 | 316.09 | 316.20 | 316.01 | 315.47 | 315.47 |
13 | 315.51 | 315.96 | 316.06 | 315.87 | 315.33 | 315.33 |
14 | 315.42 | 315.85 | 315.94 | 315.75 | 315.20 | 315.20 |
15 | 315.35 | 315.75 | 315.84 | 315.65 | 315.10 | 315.10 |
ωr (m/s) | hw (W/m2.K) | hrg (W/m2.K) | hrHs (W/m2.K) | Ut (W/K) | UHs (W/m2.K) | Ue (W/m2.K) | ηel% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 9.06 | 10.47 | 0.89 | 17.39 | 9.48 | 0.08 | 13.41 |
2 | 15.78 | 13.66 | 1.03 | 24.82 | 15.51 | 0.08 | 13.84 |
3 | 21.82 | 17.28 | 1.16 | 31.37 | 20.62 | 0.08 | 14.00 |
4 | 27.47 | 21.36 | 1.28 | 37.34 | 25.15 | 0.07 | 14.09 |
5 | 32.84 | 25.99 | 1.40 | 42.91 | 29.24 | 0.07 | 14.14 |
6 | 37.99 | 31.25 | 1.50 | 48.20 | 33.00 | 0.07 | 14.18 |
7 | 42.98 | 37.28 | 1.61 | 53.29 | 36.48 | 0.07 | 14.21 |
8 | 47.82 | 44.24 | 1.71 | 58.25 | 39.73 | 0.07 | 14.23 |
9 | 52.55 | 52.31 | 1.81 | 63.13 | 42.77 | 0.07 | 14.24 |
10 | 57.17 | 61.76 | 1.90 | 67.97 | 45.64 | 0.07 | 14.26 |
11 | 61.70 | 72.94 | 1.99 | 72.82 | 48.35 | 0.07 | 14.27 |
12 | 66.15 | 86.32 | 2.08 | 77.74 | 50.92 | 0.07 | 14.28 |
13 | 70.52 | 102.56 | 2.17 | 82.77 | 53.36 | 0.07 | 14.29 |
14 | 74.83 | 122.62 | 2.25 | 87.96 | 55.69 | 0.07 | 14.29 |
15 | 79.08 | 147.93 | 2.33 | 93.37 | 57.92 | 0.07 | 14.30 |
ωr (m/s) | Qel (W) | Qt (W) | QHs (W) | Qe (W) | Q (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 118.52 | 252.90 | 609.22 | 1.31 | 981.95 |
2 | 122.33 | 213.30 | 645.60 | 0.73 | 981.95 |
3 | 123.74 | 192.10 | 665.61 | 0.51 | 981.95 |
4 | 124.50 | 176.92 | 680.14 | 0.40 | 981.95 |
5 | 124.97 | 164.72 | 691.94 | 0.33 | 981.95 |
6 | 125.30 | 154.33 | 702.05 | 0.28 | 981.95 |
7 | 125.54 | 145.17 | 711.00 | 0.24 | 981.95 |
8 | 125.73 | 136.92 | 719.09 | 0.21 | 981.95 |
9 | 125.88 | 129.38 | 726.50 | 0.19 | 981.95 |
10 | 126.00 | 122.41 | 733.37 | 0.18 | 981.95 |
11 | 126.10 | 115.91 | 739.77 | 0.16 | 981.95 |
12 | 126.19 | 109.83 | 745.79 | 0.15 | 981.95 |
13 | 126.27 | 104.09 | 751.45 | 0.14 | 981.95 |
14 | 126.33 | 98.67 | 756.82 | 0.13 | 981.95 |
15 | 126.39 | 93.52 | 761.92 | 0.12 | 981.95 |
ωr (m/s) | Voc (V) | Vmpp (V) | Isc (A) | Impp (A) | Pmpp (W) | FF | ηel% |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 32.91 | 27.65 | 7.67 | 4.29 | 118.52 | 0.47 | 13.41 |
2 | 33.73 | 29.48 | 7.65 | 4.15 | 122.33 | 0.47 | 13.84 |
3 | 34.03 | 30.13 | 7.64 | 4.11 | 123.74 | 0.48 | 14.00 |
4 | 34.20 | 30.46 | 7.64 | 4.09 | 124.50 | 0.48 | 14.09 |
5 | 34.30 | 30.65 | 7.63 | 4.08 | 124.97 | 0.48 | 14.14 |
6 | 34.37 | 30.77 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 125.30 | 0.48 | 14.18 |
7 | 34.42 | 30.85 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 125.54 | 0.48 | 14.21 |
8 | 34.46 | 30.90 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 125.73 | 0.48 | 14.23 |
9 | 34.50 | 30.93 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 125.88 | 0.48 | 14.24 |
10 | 34.52 | 30.94 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 126.00 | 0.48 | 14.26 |
11 | 34.54 | 30.95 | 7.63 | 4.07 | 126.10 | 0.48 | 14.27 |
12 | 34.56 | 30.95 | 7.62 | 4.08 | 126.19 | 0.48 | 14.28 |
13 | 34.58 | 30.94 | 7.62 | 4.08 | 126.27 | 0.48 | 14.29 |
14 | 34.59 | 30.92 | 7.62 | 4.09 | 126.33 | 0.48 | 14.29 |
15 | 34.60 | 30.90 | 7.62 | 4.09 | 126.39 | 0.48 | 14.30 |
Time (h) | Ta (°C) | TSFS (°C) | TSBS (°C) | Voc (V) | Vmpp (V) | Impp (A) | Pmpp (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
05:30 a.m. | 28 | 28 | 28 | 21.1 | 21.1 | 0.05 | 1 |
06:00 a.m. | 28.5 | 29 | 28.8 | 28.2 | 17.7 | 0.4 | 7 |
06:30 a.m. | 28.5 | 29.6 | 29.4 | 29.9 | 17.9 | 0.5 | 8 |
07:00 a.m. | 29 | 31 | 30.3 | 31.3 | 21.2 | 0.7 | 14 |
07:30 a.m. | 30.5 | 33.4 | 32.6 | 32.3 | 24.5 | 1.1 | 25 |
08:00 a.m. | 32.5 | 33.5 | 33 | 32.8 | 23.6 | 1.8 | 40 |
08:30 a.m. | 34.5 | 38 | 37 | 33 | 23 | 2.3 | 50 |
09:00 a.m. | 37 | 41.2 | 39.6 | 32.8 | 21.6 | 3.2 | 64 |
09:30 a.m. | 38 | 43.5 | 42 | 31.7 | 21 | 3.6 | 73 |
10:00 a.m. | 38.5 | 44 | 42.5 | 30.6 | 20.9 | 3.9 | 78 |
10:30 a.m. | 39 | 46.1 | 44.6 | 30.4 | 20.3 | 4.4 | 86 |
11:00 a.m. | 39.5 | 48 | 46 | 30.2 | 20 | 4.9 | 96 |
11:30 a.m. | 40 | 49.3 | 47 | 30 | 18.7 | 5.4 | 99 |
12:00 p.m. | 41 | 49.5 | 47.2 | 29.8 | 18.3 | 5.6 | 100 |
12:30 p.m. | 41.3 | 49.6 | 47.3 | 29.6 | 18 | 5.8 | 103 |
01:00 p.m. | 41.6 | 49.7 | 47.5 | 29.4 | 17.6 | 6 | 101 |
01:30 p.m. | 41.8 | 50.1 | 48 | 29 | 17.5 | 5.9 | 98 |
02:00 p.m. | 42.4 | 50.9 | 48.7 | 28.4 | 17.4 | 5.8 | 94 |
02:30 p.m. | 42 | 50.2 | 48.5 | 28.6 | 17.1 | 5.7 | 93 |
03:00 p.m. | 40.2 | 49 | 47 | 29.6 | 18.8 | 5 | 89 |
03:30 p.m. | 40.5 | 48 | 46.5 | 30.2 | 20.1 | 4.2 | 80 |
04:00 p.m. | 39.5 | 46.5 | 45.2 | 31 | 21.6 | 3.4 | 70 |
04:30 p.m. | 39 | 45 | 43.6 | 31.4 | 22.4 | 2.7 | 56 |
05:00 p.m. | 38.5 | 43 | 41.5 | 31.8 | 22.8 | 1.8 | 37 |
05:30 p.m. | 38 | 42 | 41 | 32 | 18.6 | 1.4 | 20 |
06:00 p.m. | 37 | 40.5 | 36.5 | 28.5 | 17.8 | 0.34 | 5 |
06:30 p.m. | 35.2 | 38 | 35.5 | 26.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
07:00 p.m. | 31 | 32 | 30.5 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
07:30 p.m. | 28 | 30 | 30 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
08:00 p.m. | 28 | 28.5 | 28.5 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Time (hr.) | Ta (°C) | TSFS (°C) | THSS (°C) | Voc (V) | Vmpp (V) | Impp (A) | Pmpp (W) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
05:30 a.m. | 28 | 28 | 28 | 21.1 | 21.1 | 0.04 | 1 |
06:00 a.m. | 28.5 | 29 | 28.5 | 28.2 | 17.3 | 0.36 | 7 |
06:30 a.m. | 28.5 | 29.6 | 29.4 | 29.9 | 17.9 | 0.4 | 8 |
07:00 a.m. | 29 | 30.8 | 29.8 | 31.3 | 21.2 | 0.72 | 18 |
07:30 a.m. | 30.5 | 33 | 31 | 32.3 | 26.7 | 1.24 | 32 |
08:00 a.m. | 32.5 | 33.5 | 32.7 | 33.8 | 26.7 | 1.85 | 48 |
08:30 a.m. | 34.5 | 37 | 35 | 34.5 | 26.5 | 2.45 | 60 |
09:00 a.m. | 37 | 40 | 38 | 34.2 | 26 | 3.1 | 78 |
09:30 a.m. | 38 | 42.5 | 39 | 33.8 | 25.6 | 3.4 | 85 |
10:00 a.m. | 38.5 | 43 | 39.5 | 33.7 | 25.2 | 3.7 | 90 |
10:30 a.m. | 39 | 44.1 | 39.8 | 33.4 | 25 | 4 | 96 |
11:00 a.m. | 39.5 | 47 | 40.2 | 33.2 | 24 | 4.4 | 102 |
11:30 a.m. | 40 | 47.3 | 40.8 | 33 | 22 | 5 | 104 |
12:00 p.m. | 41 | 47.5 | 41.5 | 32.8 | 21.8 | 5.1 | 105 |
12:30 p.m. | 41.3 | 47.6 | 41.8 | 32.6 | 21.4 | 5.2 | 107 |
01:00 p.m. | 41.6 | 47.6 | 42 | 32.4 | 20.4 | 5.5 | 108 |
01:30 p.m. | 41.8 | 48 | 42.2 | 31 | 20 | 5.6 | 103 |
02:00 p.m. | 42.4 | 48.2 | 42.6 | 30.8 | 20 | 5.5 | 102 |
02:30 p.m. | 42 | 47.8 | 42.4 | 30.6 | 19.8 | 5.5 | 99 |
03:00 p.m. | 40.2 | 47 | 40.5 | 30.4 | 19.4 | 5 | 92 |
03:30 p.m. | 40.5 | 45.5 | 40.2 | 30.2 | 22.8 | 4 | 86 |
04:00 p.m. | 39.5 | 44 | 40 | 32.5 | 22.4 | 3.8 | 80 |
04:30 p.m. | 39 | 43 | 40 | 32.8 | 22.2 | 3.4 | 70 |
05:00 p.m. | 38.5 | 42.6 | 39.6 | 33.8 | 22 | 2.72 | 56 |
05:30 p.m. | 38 | 42 | 38.5 | 34 | 18.8 | 1.92 | 32 |
06:00 p.m. | 37 | 40.5 | 37.8 | 29.5 | 18.5 | 1.2 | 20 |
06:30 p.m. | 35.2 | 38 | 35.5 | 28.5 | 17.8 | 0.52 | 8 |
07:00 p.m. | 31 | 35 | 31 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
07:30 p.m. | 28 | 30 | 28 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
08:00 p.m. | 28 | 28 | 28 | 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
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Hassan, Y.; Orabi, M.; Alshreef, A.; M. Al-Rabghi, O.; Habeebullah, B.A.; El Aroudi, A.; A. Ismeil, M. Improvement of Extracted Power of Pole Mounted Solar Panels by Effective Cooling Using Aluminum Heat Sink under Hot Weather and Variable Wind Speed Conditions. Energies 2020, 13, 3159. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123159
Hassan Y, Orabi M, Alshreef A, M. Al-Rabghi O, Habeebullah BA, El Aroudi A, A. Ismeil M. Improvement of Extracted Power of Pole Mounted Solar Panels by Effective Cooling Using Aluminum Heat Sink under Hot Weather and Variable Wind Speed Conditions. Energies. 2020; 13(12):3159. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123159
Chicago/Turabian StyleHassan, Youssef, Mohamed Orabi, Abdulaziz Alshreef, Omar M. Al-Rabghi, Badr A. Habeebullah, Abdelali El Aroudi, and Mohamed A. Ismeil. 2020. "Improvement of Extracted Power of Pole Mounted Solar Panels by Effective Cooling Using Aluminum Heat Sink under Hot Weather and Variable Wind Speed Conditions" Energies 13, no. 12: 3159. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13123159