The Effective Management of Organic Waste Policy in Albania
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Incineration
2.2. Gasification
2.3. Pyrolysis
2.4. Plasma arc Gasification
2.5. Thermal Depolymerization
2.6. Hydrothermal Carbonization
3. The Waste Management in Albania
3.1. The Status and Waste Morphology in Albania
3.2. The Potential of Organic Waste Recycling in Albania
- Organic waste: Dumping in uncontrolled sites is the main method of organic waste disposal. The municipality has led considerable work to improve the separate collection through awareness campaigns of citizens.
- Hotspots: The waste deposits are a priority for Albania. The United Nations Development Programme Project Identification and Prioritization of Environmental Hotspots in Albania (January 2008–August 2011), funded by the Government of the Netherlands, identified 35 hotspots, while nine priority hotspots were selected for assessment and the preparation of remediation action plans.
4. Data and Methodology
5. Results and Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lakatos, E.S.; Cioca, L.-I.; Dan, V.; Ciomos, A.O.; Crisan, O.A.; Barsan, G. Studies and Investigation about the Attitude towards Sustainable Production, Consumption and Waste Generation in Line with Circular Economy in Romania. Sustainability 2018, 10, 865. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rada, E.C.; Cioca, L.I. Optimizing the Methodology of Characterization of Municipal Solid Waste in EU under a Circular Economy Perspective. Energy Procedia 2017, 119, 72–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Eriksson, O.; Bisaillon, M.; Haraldsson, M.; Sundberg, J. Integrated waste management as a mean to promote renewable energy. Renew. Energy 2014, 61, 38–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oduro-Appiah, K.; Afful, A.; Kotey, V.N.; De Vries, N. Working with the Informal Service Chain as a Locally Appropriate Strategy for Sustainable Modernization of Municipal Solid Waste Management Systems in Lower-Middle Income Cities: Lessons from Accra, Ghana. Resources 2019, 8, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rada, E.C.; Zatelli, C.; Cioca, L.I.; Torretta, V. Selective Collection Quality Index for Municipal Solid Waste Management. Sustainability 2018, 10, 257. Available online: https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/10/1/257 (accessed on 2 May 2020). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laurent, A.; Bakas, I.; Clavreul, J.; Bernstad, A.; Niero, M.; Gentil, E.; Hauschild, M.Z.; Christensen, T.H. Review of lca studies of solid waste management systems–Part i: Lessons learned and perspectives. Waste Manag. 2014, 34, 573–588. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Navarro-Esbrı, J.; Diamadopoulos, E.; Ginestar, D. Time series analysis and forecasting techniques for municipal solid waste management. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2002, 35, 201–214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoornweg, D.; Bhada, P. What a waste. A Global review of solid waste management. Urban Dev. Ser. Knowl. Pap. 2012, 281, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Z.; Fu, H.; Qu, X. Estimating municipal solid waste generation by different activities and various resident groups: A case study of Beijing. Sci. Total Environ. 2011, 409, 4406–4414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Abd Kadir, S.A.S.; Yin, C.Y.; Rosli Sulaiman, M.; Chen, X.; El-Harbawi, M. Incineration of municipal solid waste in Malaysia: Salient issues, policies and waste to energy initiatives. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2013, 24, 181e6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Denafas, G.; Ruzgas, T.; Martuzeviˇcius, D.; Shmarin, S.; Hoffmann, M.; Mykhaylenko, V.; Ogorodnik, S.; Romanov, M.; Neguliaeva, E.; Chusov, A.; et al. Seasonal variation of municipal solid waste generation and composition in four east European cities. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2014, 89, 22–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lazarevic, D.; Buclet, N.; Brandt, N. The application of life cycle thinking in the context of European waste policy. J. Clean. Prod. 2012, 29, 199–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Huang, J.; Zhao, R.; Huang, T.; Wang, X.; Tseng, M.-L. Sustainable Municipal Solid Waste Disposal in the Belt and Road Initiative: A Preliminary Proposal for Chengdu City. Sustainability 2018, 10, 1147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- den Boer, E.; Jędrczak, A.; Kowalski, Z.; Kulczycka, J.; Szpadt, R. A review of municipal solid waste composition and quantities in Poland. Waste Manag. 2010, 30, 369–377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Troschinetz, A.M.; Mihelcic, J.R. Sustainable recycling of municipal solid waste in developing countries. Waste Manag. 2009, 29, 915–923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Challcharoenwattana, A.; Pharino, C. Co-Benefits of Household Waste Recycling for Local Community’s Sustainable Waste Management in Thailand. Sustainability 2015, 7, 7417–7437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ávila, C.; Cedano, K.; Martínez, M. Sustainability analysis of waste to energy strategies for municipal solid waste treatment. Int. J. Environ. Sustain. 2017, 13, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ghesla, P.L.; Gomes, L.P.; Caetano, M.O.; Miranda, L.A.S.; Dai-Prá, L.B. Municipal Solid Waste Management from the Experience of São Leopoldo/Brazil and Zurich/Switzerland. Sustainability 2018, 10, 3716. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Montevecchi, F. Policy mixes to achieve absolute decoupling: A case study of municipal waste management. Sustainability 2016, 8, 442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnstone, N.; Labonne, J. Generation of Household Solid Waste in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis Using Macroeconomic Data. Land Econ. 2004, 80, 529–538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaman, A.U.; Lehmann, S. Challenges and Opportunities in Transforming a City into a “Zero Waste City”. Challenges 2011, 2, 73–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Aranda Usón, A.; Ferreira, G.; Zambrana Vásquez, D.; Zabalza Bribián, I.; Llera Sastresa, E. Environmental-benefit analysis of two urban waste collection systems. Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 463–464, 72–77. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kawai, K.; Tasaki, T. Revisiting estimates of municipal solid waste generation per capita and their reliability. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag. 2016, 18, 1–13. Available online: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10163-015-0355-1 (accessed on 22 May 2020). [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Xu, L.; Gao, P.; Cui, S.; Liu, C. A hybrid procedure for MSW generation forecasting at multiple time scales in Xiamen City, China. Waste Manag. 2013, 33, 1324–1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zaman, A. Life Cycle Environmental Assessment of Municipal Solid Waste to Energy Technologies. Glob. J. Environ. Res. 2009, 3, 155–163. [Google Scholar]
- Malinauskaite, J.; Jouhara, H.; Czajczynska, D.; Stanchev, P.; Katsou, E.; Rostkowski, P.; Thorne, R.J.; Colón, J.; Ponsá, S.; Al-Mansour, F.; et al. Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe. Energy 2017, 141, 2013–2044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klein, A. Gasification: An Alternative Process for Energy Recovery and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes. Master’s Thesis, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, 2002. Available online: http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/klein_thesis.pdf (accessed on 2 March 2020).
- Fruergaard, T.; Astrup, T. Optimal Utilization of Waste-To-Energy in an LCA Perspective. Waste Manag. 2011, 31, 572–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Turconi, R.; Butera, S.; Boldrin, A.; Grosso, M.; Rigamonti, L.; Astrup, T.F. Life Cycle Assessment of Waste Incineration in Denmark and Italy Using Two LCA Models. Waste Manag. Res. 2011, 29, S78–S90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tabata, T. Waste-To-Energy Incineration Plants as Greenhouse Gas Reducers: A Case Study of Seven Japanese Metropolises. Waste Manag. Res. 2013, 31, 1110–1117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shareefdeen, Z.; Elkamel, A.; Tse, S. Review of current technologies used in municipal solid waste-to-energy facilities in Canada. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2015, 17, 1837–1846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gasification Technologies Council (GTC). Gasification: The Waste and Energy Solution; Gasification Technologies Council (GTC): Penwell, TX, USA, 2011.
- World Energy Council (WEC). World Energy Resources: Waste to Energy; World Energy Council: London, UK, 2013; Available online: https://www.worldenergy.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/WER_2013_7b_Waste_to_Energy.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2019).
- Theroux, M. Gasification vs. Incineration. 2014. Available online: http://www.houstontx.gov/onebinforall/Gasification_vs_Incineration.pdf (accessed on 22 February 2020).
- Qazi, W.A.; Abushammala, F.M.; Azam, M.-H. Multi-criteria decision analysis of waste-to-energy technologies for municipal solid waste management in Sultanate of Oman. Waste Manag. Res. 2018, 36, 594–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Commission (EC). Integrated Pollution Pre-vent and Control: Reference Document on the Best Available Techniques for Waste Incineration; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2006; Available online: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.euro-pa.eu/reference/BREF/wi_bref_0806.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2019).
- DEFRA. Advanced Thermal Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste. Department for Environment Food & Rural Affairs, 2013. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/gov-ernment/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/221035/pb13888-thermal-treatment-waste.pdf (accessed on 11 October 2019).
- National Research Council (NRC). Waste Incineration Overview. In Waste Incineration and Public Health; National Academy Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2000; p. 364. [Google Scholar]
- Atwadkar, R.R.; Jafhav, L.D.; Wagh, M.M.; Shinde, N.N. A Multi Criteria Ranking of Different Technologies for the Waste to Energy of Municipal Solid Waste in the City of Kolhapur. Int. J. Emerg. Technol. Adv. Eng. 2014, 4, 937–942. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, X. Understanding Hydrothermal Carbonization of Mixed Feedstock for Waste Conversion. Ph.D. Thesis, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Wong, D.; Tam, S. Thermal Waste Treatment in the European Union; The Legislative Council: Hong Kong, China, 2016.
- Chiu, H.Y.; Pai, T.Y.; Liu, M.H.; Chang, C.A.; Lo, F.C.; Chang, T.C.; Lo, H.M.; Chiang, C.F.; Chao, K.P.; Lo, W.Y.; et al. Electricity Production from Municipal Solid Waste using Microbial Fuel Cells. Waste Manag. Res. 2016, 34, 619–629. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ricardo Energy & Environment Thermal Treatment; Ricardo-AEA Ltd.: Harwell, UK, 2016; Available online: https://d2oc0ihd6a5bt.cloudfront.net/wp-content/up-loads/sites/837/2016/03/B4_0_RICARDO_THER-MAL.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2019).
- Waste Management Resources (WMR). Incineration. 2009. Available online: http://www.wrfound.org.uk/articles/in-cineration.html (accessed on 20 October 2019).
- Yuan, J.; Emura, K.; Farnham, C. Effects of Recent Climate Change on Hourly Weather Data for HVAC Design: A Case Study of Osaka. Sustainability 2018, 10, 861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Salvato, J.; Nemerow, N.; Agardy, F. Environmental Engineering and Sanitation, 5th ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, USA, 2003. [Google Scholar]
- Tatarniuk, C. The Feasibility of Waste-To-Energy in Saskatchewan based on Waste Composition and Quantity. Master’s Thesis, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, 2007. Available online: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?pdf (accessed on 15 October 2019).
- Tolis, A.I.; Rentizelas, A.; Aravossis, K.G.; Tatsiopoulos, I.P. Electricity and Combined Heat and Power from Municipal Solid Waste; Theoretically Optimal Investment Decision Time and Emissions Trading Implications. Waste Manag. Res. 2010, 28, 985–995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pirotta, F.; Ferreira, E.; Bernardo, C. Energy Recovery and Impact on Land use of Maltese Municipal Solid Waste Incineration. Energy 2013, 49, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ouda, O.K.M.; Raza, S.A. Waste-to-Energy: Solution for Municipal Solid Waste Challenges-Global Perspective. In Proceedings of the IEEE, International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET), Bandung, Indonesia, 27–29 May 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Souza, S.D.; Horttanainen, M.; Antonelli, J.; Klaus, O.; Lindino, C.A.; Nogueira, C.E.C. Technical Potential of Electricity Production from Municipal Solid Waste Disposed in The Biggest Cities in Brazil: Landfill Gas, Biogas and Thermal Treatment. Waste Manag. Res. 2014, 32, 1015–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Morselli, L.; De Robertis, C.; Luzi, J.; Passarini, F.; Vassura, I. Environmental Impacts of Waste In-cineration in A Regional System (Emilia Romagna, Italy) Evaluated from A Life Cycle Perspective. J. Hazard. Mater. 2008, 159, 505–511. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Margallo, M.; Aldaco, R.; Irabien, A.; Carrillo, V.; Fischer, M.; Bala, A.; Palmar, P.F. Life Cycle Assessment Modelling of Waste-To-Energy Incineration in Spain and Portugal. Waste Manag. Res. 2014, 32, 492–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kairytė, A.; Kremensas, A.; Vaitkus, S.; Członka, S.; Strąkowska, A. Fire Suppression and Thermal Behavior of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foam Filled with Biomass Incineration Waste Ash. Polymers 2020, 12, 683. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ouadi, M.; Brammer, J.G.; Kay, M.; Hornung, A. Fixed Bed Downdraft Gasification of Paper Industry Wastes. Appl. Energy 2013, 103, 692–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Narnaware, S.; Srivastava, N.; Vahora, S. Gasification: An alternative solution for energy recovery and utilization of vegetable market waste. Waste Manag. Res. 2017, 35, 276–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Warren, K.; Gandy, S.; Davis, G.; Read, A.; Fitzgerald, J.; Emelia Holdaway, E. Waste to Energy Background Paper; Ricardo-AEA: Oxfordshire, UK, 2013. Available online: https://www.greenindustries.sa.gov.au/_literature_165466/Waste_to_Energy_Background_Paper_ (accessed on 22 October 2019).
- Ni, F.; Chen, M. Studies on Pyrolysis and Gasification of Automobile Shredder Residue in China. Waste Manag. Res. 2014, 32, 980–987. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zafar, S. Waste to Energy (WTE) Conversion. 2008. Available online: http://www.altenergymag.com/content.php?issue_number=08.08.01&article=wastetoenergy (accessed on 2 November 2019).
- Stantec. Waste to Energy: A Technical Review of Municipal Solid Waste Thermal Treatment Practices; Stantec Consulting Ltd.: Burnaby, BC, Canada, 2011; Available online: http://www.incinerateur.qc.ca/documents/bcmoe-wte-emmissions-rev-mar2011.pdf (accessed on 12 December 2019).
- Velghe, I.; Carleer, R.; Yperman, J.; Schreurs, S. Study of the Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste for the Production of Valuable Products. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2011, 92, 366–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raclavska, H.; Corsaro, A.; Hlavsová, A.; Juchelková, D.; Zajonc, O. The Effect of Moisture on the Release and Enrichment of Heavy Metals during Pyrolysis of Municipal Solid Waste. Waste Manag. Res. 2015, 33, 267–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, F. Pyrolysis of Waste Plastics into Fuels. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand, 2010. Available online: https://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10092/4303/Thesis_fulltext.pdf;sequence=1 (accessed on 10 December 2019).
- Williams, P.T.; Besler, S. The influence of temperature and heating rate on the slow pyrolysis of biomass. Renew. Energy 1996, 7, 233–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leal-Quirós, E. Plasma processing of municipal solid waste. Braz. J. Phys. 2004, 34, 158–1593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducharme, C. Technical and Economic Analysis of Plasma-Assisted Waste-to-Energy Processes. Master’s Thesis, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA, 2010. Available online: http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/ducharme_thesis.pdf (accessed on 22 October 2019).
- Woodford, C. Plasma Arc Recycling. 2016. Available online: http://www.explainthatstuff.com/plasma-arc-recycling.html (accessed on 20 October 2019).
- Walker, K. Applications of Thermal Depoly-merization. 2013. Available online: http://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx? (accessed on 20 October 2019).
- Lemley, B.; Tony, L. Anything into Oil. Discov. Mag. 2003, 20, 12–18. Available online: http://discovermagazine.com/2003/may/featoil/ (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- Burne, J. Is this the Ultimate Recycler? The Guardian. 2003. Available online: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2003/may/22/research. (accessed on 20 October 2019).
- Mendez, D. Hydrous Thermal Depolymerization; Stanford University: Stanford, CA, USA, 2010; Available online: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2010/ph240/mendez2/ (accessed on 25 November 2019).
- Adams, T.N.; Appel, B.S. Converting Turkey Offal into Bio-derived Hydrocarbon Oil with the CWT Thermal Process. In Proceedings of the Power-Gen Renewable Energy Conference 2004, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1–3 March 2004. [Google Scholar]
- He, C.; Giannis, A.; Wang, J.Y. Conversion of sewage sludge to clean solid fuel using hydrothermal carbonization: Hydrochar fuel characteristics and combustion behavior. Appl. Energy 2013, 111, 257–266. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Libra, J.A.; Ro, K.S.; Kammann, C.; Funke, A.; Berge, N.D.; Neubauer, Y.; Titirici, M.; Fühner, C.; Bens, O.; Kern, J.; et al. Hydrothermal car-bonization of biomass residuals: A comparative review of the chemistry, processes and applications of wet and dry pyrolysis. Biofuels 2011, 2, 89–124. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ramke, H.G.; Blohse, D.; Lehmann, H.J.; Fettig, J. Hydrothermal Carbonization of Organic Waste. In Proceedings of the CISA, Twelfth International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Cagliari, Italy, 5–9 October 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Berge, N.; Li, L.; Flora, J.R.V.; Ro, K.S. Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Energy Production from Hydrochar Generated via Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste. Waste Manag. 2015, 43, 203–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Y.; Ma, X.; Peng, X.; Yu, Z. Forecasting the Byproducts Generated by Hydrothermal Carbonization of Municipal Solid Wastes. Waste Manag. Res. 2016, 35, 92–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Karaj, S.; Rehl, T.; Leis, H.J.; Müller, J. Analysis of Biomass Residues Potential for Electrical Energy Generation in Albania. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2010, 14, 493–499. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xhitoni, A. Renewable Energy Scenarios for Albania. Available online: https://core.ac.uk/display/12980736 (accessed on 17 March 2020).
- Hoxha, B.B.; Dervishi, D.; Sweeney, K.; Bahja, E. Waste-to-Fuel Technology in Albania—Development System to Support an active Drilling Industry. In Proceedings of the 26th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, Copenhagen, Denmark, 14–17 May 2018; pp. 1603–1616. [Google Scholar]
- Bino, T. A New Path for the Sustainable Development: A Green Economy for Albania. The United National Conference on Sustainable Development, RIO+20. 2012. Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/1014albanianationalreport.pdf (accessed on 17 March 2020).
- Alcani, M.; Dorri, A.; Hoxha, A. Some Issues of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Albania and Especially Tirana City. Int. J. Sci. Technol. Manag. 2015, 4, 16–22. [Google Scholar]
- Lico, E.; Vito, S.; Boci, I.; Marku, J. Situation of Plastic Waste Management in Albania Problems and Solutions According to European Directive. J. Int. Acad. Res. Multidiscip. 2015, 3, 176–184. [Google Scholar]
- Tushaj, V. AKBN Annual Report—Analiza Vjetore per Vitin 2016. Available online: http://www.akbn.gov.al/ (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- Buçpapaj, B. Albania: Tracing the Paths of Biomass Energy. J. Environ. Sci. Comput. Sci. Eng. Technol. 2012, 1, 316–328. [Google Scholar]
- Lushaj, B. Renewable Biomass: Suggestions and Proposed Alternatives. World J. Environ. Biosci. 2012, 1, 100–110. [Google Scholar]
- Jaupaj, O.; Berdufi, I.; Mitrushi, D.; Lushaj, B. Biomass Energy Production—Research Gaps and Trends. In Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference: Hydro Climate Resources—An Important Tool for a Sustainable Development of Albania, Tirana, Albania, 16 June 2011. [Google Scholar]
- United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Report Environmental Performance Reviews—Albania—Second Review. Available online: http://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/env/epr/epr_studies/AlbaniaII.pdf (accessed on 17 March 2020).
- European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations. EU Environment & Climate Change. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/neighbourhood-enlargement/policy/conditions-membership/chapters-of-the-acquis_en (accessed on 17 March 2020).
- Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Water Administration, Albania. Available online: http://adaptation-undp.org/partners/ministry-environment-forestry-and-water-administration-albania (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production (ETC/SCP). Waste Policies Factsheet for Albania. Available online: http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/facts/factsheets_waste/2011_edition/factsheet?country=AL (accessed on 20 March 2020).
- Ministry of Public Works, Transport and Telecommunication. Waste Generation Data. Available online: http://www.mppt.gov.al/ (accessed on 22 March 2020).
- European Environment Agency (EEA). Available online: https://www.eea.europa.eu/countries-and-regions/albania (accessed on 22 March 2020).
- Environmental Policy in Albania. United Nations Development Programme. Available online: http://www.al.undp.org/content/albania/en/home/ourwork/environmentandenergy/overview.html (accessed on 24 March 2020).
- National Waste Management Strategy. Available online: http://wastepolicy.environment.gov.za/ (accessed on 24 March 2020).
- Eurostat. Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed on 22 March 2020).
- Albania Institute of Statistics. Available online: http://databaza.instat.gov.al/pxweb/en/DST/START__EN (accessed on 22 March 2020).
- Chifari, R.; Piano, S.L.; Bukkens, S.G.; Giampietro, M. A holistic framework for the integrated assessment of urban waste management systems. Ecol. Indic. 2018, 94, 24–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nsair, A.; Onen Cinar, S.; Alassali, A.; Abu Qdais, H.; Kuchta, K. Operational Parameters of Biogas Plants: A Review and Evaluation Study. Energies 2020, 13, 3761. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grigore, L.S.; Priescu, I.; Joita, D.; Oncioiu, I. The Integration of Collaborative Robot Systems and Their Environmental Impacts. Processes 2020, 8, 494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gug, J.; Cacciola, D.; Sobkowicz, M.J. Processing and properties of a solid energy fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycled plastics. Waste Manag. 2015, 35, 283–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Year | Forecasted Value | LCL | UCL |
---|---|---|---|
2020 | 1,325,020 | 1,317,595 | 1,325,265 |
2021 | 1,279,380 | 1,272,186 | 1,287,038 |
2022 | 1,296,788 | 1,288,770 | 1,305,358 |
2023 | 1,296,400 | 1,287,225 | 1,305,794 |
2024 | 1,297,969 | 1,287,818 | 1,308,120 |
2025 | 1,299,323 | 1,288,468 | 1,310,178 |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Oncioiu, I.; Căpuşneanu, S.; Topor, D.I.; Petrescu, M.; Petrescu, A.-G.; Toader, M.I. The Effective Management of Organic Waste Policy in Albania. Energies 2020, 13, 4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164217
Oncioiu I, Căpuşneanu S, Topor DI, Petrescu M, Petrescu A-G, Toader MI. The Effective Management of Organic Waste Policy in Albania. Energies. 2020; 13(16):4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164217
Chicago/Turabian StyleOncioiu, Ionica, Sorinel Căpuşneanu, Dan Ioan Topor, Marius Petrescu, Anca-Gabriela Petrescu, and Monica Ioana Toader. 2020. "The Effective Management of Organic Waste Policy in Albania" Energies 13, no. 16: 4217. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13164217