Scalability of Low Carbon Energy Communities in Spain: An Empiric Approach from the Renewed Commons Paradigm
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Understanding Low-Carbon Energy Communities from the Commons Paradigm
4. Results: Scalability of Community-Based Low Carbon Spanish Initiatives from the Commons Approach
4.1. Between the Upper and the Lower Limits
How small can something large become before it is no longer efficient? And how large can something small become before it is no longer beautiful?[ESO_E2]
What I am trying to say is that both the large and the small are context-dependent. Powering Barcelona with renewable energy requires large-scale projects because the city has a sizeable population. A smaller town or a less densely-populated region would require smaller projects. (…) I guess it depends on your point of view. If you compare it with a nuclear reactor, then it’s tiny.[ESO_E2]
(…) this is very different from Som Energía which sells power locally. In this case, it’s easier to create small islands, and then link them to a bridge to create a large-scale structure (…)[ASO_E3]
I think this is the right approach: a Spanish Electrical Grid (…). And then there should be a series of distribution grids, which I would place in the hands of the municipalities, or I would at least enable actions to be taken at a municipal level. Because this means that municipalities can choose their own power generation formula; and also because renewable energy is a local resource. (…) The local and municipal dimension should be a key element of the energy design[ASO_E2]
At the same time, I think there should be some general guidelines that are nationwide. I believe that energy is too large and important issue to be dealt with independently by each different municipality. But I also believe that municipalities should have more room to take the initiative, they should have more ‘power’[IMU_E1]
The thing is that, ultimately, we are talking about energy production resources, control over which implies power. The real question is how this power is controlled[INA_E7]
4.2. Power Distribution and Citizen Participation as Key Elements
We should not lose sight of the risk of excessive dispersion. In other words, while it is easier to control municipal powers, we also need public powers (i.e., powers ultimately controlled by citizens) which have the size and critical mass required to stand up to big capital[INA_E7]
Som Energia operates throughout the Iberian market, which is its market in accordance with current regulations. But we [Goiener] don’t operate throughout the entire market. We operate in what is more or less the Basque region. Why? Because we have a lot of experience working in the cooperative sphere and we know that in a cooperative, if you don’t go to the assemblies, make an effort to get to know people and be in the thick of things, then the initiative is no longer a real cooperative.[CER_E1]
In 2013, a restructuration attempt was made [in Som Energia] by generating territorial sections. Some sections comprise entire regions, while others encompass a single province or Autonomous Community, depending on member preferences. The idea is for these territorial sections to be more representative. (…) The aim is to give local groups and territorial sections more autonomy or some kind of legal status to enable them to foster the development of generation projects in their local areas, or to respond to different local situations or circumstances.[CER_E2]
4.3. Reclaiming the Human Scale
The larger an institution is and the more it is separated from citizens, the more inefficient it becomes. If it were really an institution of the common good, if it really pursued the common good, then it would probably work; but in practice this doesn’t happen. (…) I don’t really see how you can solve a global problem if not at a local level. [You have to act] within the framework of local nodes that function as a network. It’s a bit like what Plataforma por un Nuevo Modelo Energético [Platform for a New Energy Model] does[IMU_E2]
At a philosophical level, we believe that multinational corporations are a huge mistake, because they end up having so much power they can destroy democracy and influence sitting governments. That’s at a political level, of course. At a social level, large corporations lose sight of the human scale. They also lose individual participation. That’s why I find small, connected, local organisations so interesting. Because this is the century of connection. We see ourselves as connected, but not because there is a large corporation where a management team makes decisions, but rather because there are many small organisations which are changing things[ESO_E1]
[It is important] to reproduce initiatives; because otherwise we are just replicating the patterns of the current system. Moreover, by generating these networks of collaboration, we are also generating resilience and interconnection, learning different lessons and empowering more people[INA_E2]
(…) what we advocate is a distributed model. It just seems the logical answer. In a world in which energy needs are growing, the traditional model of sending energy from A to B does not seem to be the best option. (…) We believe that a distributed mode would make much more sense. I mean, who knows better than the community or municipality itself what its energy needs are?[ASO_E1]
4.4. Scaling Up from a Constellation of Local Sustainable Initiatives
It’s important to understand the situation we’re in. What is the framework in which we are forced to act? We want to operate in an electricity market of which 80% is in the hands of the oligopoly. If we want to carve ourselves out a niche, we have to be a lot bigger than we are now (…). So, it’s great that new initiatives are cropping up, but we have to act together, because otherwise, they will be able to wipe us off the board with a flick of their hands[ESO_E2]
Years ago we set up a network, Ecolise, which includes Transición, Permacultura, Ecoaldeas (the Basque Ecovillages chapter) and ICLEI (the network of sustainable municipalities)… it was established with the aim of giving us greater ‘lobbying power’, although I’m still not sure what this actually means, but it’s about having a greater influence in Europe[INA_E1]
It’s a question of understanding that we are all in the same boat: that of the commons and citizen engagement and activation. We have to be united and get on with each other. We have joined other organisations too. And before all these new relationships we are now establishing, we had already begun to sign collaboration agreements with SEO/BirdLife, for example, a conservation organisation, and with Amigos de la Tierra, which focuses on the environment[ESO_E1]
(…) I think it’s a mixture of local communities, which may be small, but are immersed in a much broader transitional environment. Community must once again be understood as the space in which people are truly coming together around a specific region. Not just around a specific vision. The term ‘we’, as we use it at least, has much more to do with the extended definition of community. It’s the relationship we have with the region, with the land[INA_E1]
Being realistic about things, although we have a solar park and a fairly good food supply, what we really use is huge. It’s so big, actually, that you simply cannot link the entire issue of sovereignty or food self-sufficiency to self-management, because you’d wear yourself out. It’s important to understand it as a world of exchanges, a world of interdependencies. More in terms of bioregions. It’s large regions that have to start to adopt this as their identity; they need to be aware of their potential to be not so much self-sufficient, as at least more resilient in terms of their needs. That’s really the heart of it. Regions need to be more resilient, to produce what they need[INA_E1]
[Networks] yes, but based on joint work. I think that we sometimes try too hard to influence people’s principles, which is a very sensitive area that can often elicit a very strong negative reaction. Don’t you dare change how I see the world. Don’t even try it. Why do you think your vision is better than mine? This really motivates me. I love exploring this in order to try to find a way forward. I believe there has to be one, even though we haven’t found it yet. But it’s there, it exists. I get a real kick out of these challenges[INA_E1]
The Spanish word for trust is confianza, which can be divided into two sub-terms: con-fianza (con meaning with and fianza meaning deposit, as in the deposit you put down to secure a reservation, for example). You have to put something of value on the table. In this case, this is fianza. If you contribute something of value, people are more likely to trust you. If nothing of value is at stake, no one trusts you. And in villages, and sometimes in larger cities also, what we contribute is often just words. It’s like there’s an excess of words, because it’s the easy option. But words have to be shored up by actions; you have to propose actions and share them with those who are different from you[INA_E1]
I’m not going to change the inhabitants of Artieda; we aren’t going to change them. But we can develop proposals in which we can all work together. And it is important for these proposals to make sense for both our aspirations and dreams and for the reality we all share. (…) How can we get people interested without changing them and without them feeling we are threatening their templates, their very beliefs or the way they view the world? How can we generate complicity around common needs, so we can gradually change the direction in which we are headed? I think this is what is lacking in social movements. How can we communicate with those who are not involved in these movements so that we can generate these alliances?[INA_E1]
4.5. Scalability through the Catalysis of the Public
The idea consists of, in an association of neighbours from each of the three districts, using a space with the highest degree of activity at the neighbourhood level and setting up a district energy centre. This space would be used to decide on energy refurbishment and energy poverty relief actions by the neighbours themselves and who would benefit from the energy refurbishment and energy poverty relief funds[IMU_E2]
5. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Fact Sheet Model Used for the Preliminary Description and Analysis of the Initiatives
Name of the Initiative | |||
Field | Just Energy, Mixed, etc. | Location | Geographical |
Description | |||
Main characteristics and information about the initiative: aim, duration, number of members, member profile, process to become a member, governance model, implemented technologies, etc. Link to the web page. | |||
Main projects and activities | |||
Main achievements related to the processes implemented and results obtained. Means in which projects and activities have been carried out (collaboratively vs on their own). If so, implemented mechanisms to reduce inequalities. Social and ecological impacts produced by their activities. | |||
Other comments | |||
Any other singularity of the initiative that should be specially taken into account. | |||
Response to the applied dimensions of the commons | |||
1.1 Cooperative governance | 1.2 Network building | ||
2.1 Voluntary association | 2.2 Self-sufficiency and autonomy | ||
3.1 Mechanisms to promote equality and reduce the risk of exclusion | 3.2 Democratization | ||
3.3 Social purpose | 3.4 Socioeconomic impacts | ||
4.1 Environmental technologies | 4.2 Circular activity | ||
4.3 Environmental impacts | |||
Response to the normative dimensions of the commons | |||
I. Reciprocity and co-activity | |||
II. Human autonomy | |||
III. Social justice | |||
IV. Ecological justice |
Appendix B. Summary Table and Codification of Initiatives Analysed
Self-managed initiatives | |
Interview code | Initiative |
INA_1 | Arterra Bizimodu |
INA_2 | Cardedeu en Transició |
INA_3 | Lakabe |
INA_4 | Sunseed |
INA_5 | Transición Rompe el Círculo |
INA_6 | Astra |
INA_7 | Observatorio Crítico de la Energía |
Renewable Energy Cooperatives | |
CER_1 | Goiener |
CER_2 | Som Energía |
CER_3 | Megara |
CER_4 | Solabria Enerplus |
Social enterprises | |
ESO_1 | Ecooo |
ESO_2 | Eolpop |
Municipal initiatives | |
IMU_1 | Barcelona Energia |
IMU_2 | Rubí Brilla |
Associations and Foundations | |
ASO_ 1 | Amigos de la Tierra |
ASO_ 2 | Fundación Desarrollo Sostenible |
ASO_ 3 | Fundación Renovables |
Appendix C. Brief Descriptions of the Analysed Initiatives
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Normative Dimensions | Applied Dimensions | Guiding Questions |
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1. Reciprocity and co-activity | 1.1 Cooperative governance |
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1.2 Network building |
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2. Human autonomy | 2.1 Voluntary association |
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2.2 Self-sufficiency and autonomy |
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3. Social justice | 3.1 Mechanisms to promote equality and reduce the risk of exclusion |
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3.2 Democratization |
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3.3 Social purpose |
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3.4 Socioeconomic impacts |
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4. Ecological justice | 4.1 Environmental technologies |
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4.2 Circular activity |
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4.3 Environmental impacts |
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Strengths | Weaknessess |
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Gaps | Opportunities |
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Recommendations | |
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Atutxa, E.; Zubero, I.; Calvo-Sotomayor, I. Scalability of Low Carbon Energy Communities in Spain: An Empiric Approach from the Renewed Commons Paradigm. Energies 2020, 13, 5045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195045
Atutxa E, Zubero I, Calvo-Sotomayor I. Scalability of Low Carbon Energy Communities in Spain: An Empiric Approach from the Renewed Commons Paradigm. Energies. 2020; 13(19):5045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195045
Chicago/Turabian StyleAtutxa, Ekhi, Imanol Zubero, and Iñigo Calvo-Sotomayor. 2020. "Scalability of Low Carbon Energy Communities in Spain: An Empiric Approach from the Renewed Commons Paradigm" Energies 13, no. 19: 5045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195045
APA StyleAtutxa, E., Zubero, I., & Calvo-Sotomayor, I. (2020). Scalability of Low Carbon Energy Communities in Spain: An Empiric Approach from the Renewed Commons Paradigm. Energies, 13(19), 5045. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13195045