Comparative Studies on Water- and Vapor-Based Hydrothermal Carbonization: Process Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Development
2.2. HTC Reactor System
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. HTC Reactor Filled with Water Only
3.1.1. Estimating VFw at Various Temperatures and VFo
3.1.2. Estimating Pressure and VFw under Process Conditions
3.2. HTC Reactor Filled with Water and Feedstock
3.2.1. Estimating the Distribution of Water between Phases as a Function of Temperature and Its Effect on Solid Content
3.2.2. Estimating VFw and Pressure under Process Conditions with Feedstock
3.3. Comparison of Process Conditions for Hydrothermal Treatment (HTC and VTC) Reported in the Literature
3.3.1. Change in Process Conditions in Batch HTC (Cases 1, 4, 6) or VTC Processes (Case 5)
3.3.2. Change in Process Conditions for Semi-Batch VTC Process with Steam Injection (Cases 2 and 7 with Condensate Removal or Separation, and Case 3 without Condensate Removal)
3.4. Comparison of the Processes Using the T–v Diagram
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Glossary
Symbol | Description | Unit |
D | overall reactor water density, | kg/m3 |
Mbiomass | mass of feedstock in the reactor as dry matter (DM) | |
MH2O | total mass of water as liquid and vapor water in the reactor | kg |
MC | moisture content | % |
molecular weight of water | kg/kmol | |
P | reactor pressure | MPa |
Po | initial reactor pressure | MPa |
Psat | saturated vapor pressure | - |
R | universal gas constant (8.31451 × 10-3 m3-MPa/kmol-K) | - |
%S | % solid in reactor—ratio of mass of feedstock in DM to (total mass of water + mass of feedstock in DM in reactor), | - |
T | reactor temperature | °C |
VFo | volume fraction of liquid water in the reactor at initial temperature To | - |
VFw | volume fraction of liquid water in the reactor at temperature T | - |
VR | reactor volume | m3 |
Vw | volume of liquid water in the reactor at temperature T | m3 |
vR | overall specific volume of reactor liquid water and steam mixture, VR/MH2O | m3/kg |
vL | specific volume of saturated liquid water | m3/kg |
vv | specific volume of saturated steam | m3/kg |
xL | mass fraction of liquid water | - |
xv | mass fraction of vapor water or steam (or also called steam quality) | - |
Z | compressibility factor for liquid or vapor | - |
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Saturated Water (i.e., VFw < 1) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
200 °C | 230 | 250 | ||
Specific volume of liquid water (vl) | (m3/kg) | 0.00116 | 0.00121 | 0.00125 |
Specific volume of vapor water at (vv) | (m3/kg) | 0.12721 | 0.07151 | 0.05008 |
Saturation pressure (Psat) | (MPa) | 1.55 | 2.80 | 3.98 |
Subcooled Water (i.e., VFw > 1) | ||||
Liquid compressibility factor | (-) | 0.010606 | 0.24601 | 0.39023 |
Reactor pressure (P) for D = 865 m3/kg | (MPa) | 2.00 | 49.44 | 81.55 |
Case | Reactor | Feedstock | Water in System | Literature | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | T (°C) | VR (L) | Heating | Mixed | Type | MC (%) | Mbiomass (gDM) | MH2O (g) | vR (m3/kg) | ||
1 | Batch HTC | 200 | 1 | heating band | No | bark | 7 | 23.5 | 101.6 | 0.010 | Cao et al. [5] |
sugar beet | 7 | 37.6 | 162.9 | 0.006 | |||||||
2 | Semi- batch VTC | 200 | 70 | steam, condensate removal | No | bark | 40–70 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.013 * | |
sugar beet | 40–70 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.012 * | |||||||
3 | Semi- batch VTC | 200 | 10,000 | steam, no condensate removal | Yes | MSW | 53 | 1771.9 | start 1998.1 | start 0.005 | Safril et al. [9] |
end 3398.1 | end 0.0029 | ||||||||||
4 | Batch HTC | 230 | 18.75 | heating band | No | wheat straw | 0 | 450 | 8550 | 0.00219 | Funke et al. [11] |
digestate | 0 | 630 | 11,970 | 0.00157 | |||||||
5 | Batch VTC | 230 | 18.75 | heating band | No | wheat straw | 25 | 450 | 1350 | 0.01390 | |
digestate | 25 | 630 | 1890 | 0.00995 | |||||||
6 | Batch HTC | 220 | 4.6 | heating band | No | bagasse | 67.2 | 16.6–28.8 | 1495.5 | 0.003 | Shafie et al. [10] |
lime peel | 78 | 14.4–44.0 | 1495.5 | 0.003 | |||||||
7 | Semi- batch VTC | 220 | 4.6 | heating band, condensate separated | No | bagasse | 67.2 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.041–0.053 @ | |
lime peel | 78 | n.r. | n.r. | 0.022–0.044 @ |
Case | Reactor | Feedstock | vR | Mass Fraction in Vapor xv | VFo | VFw | %So | %S(T) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Type | (m3/kg) | (-) | (-) | (-) | (%) | (%) | |
1 | Batch HTC | bark | 0.010 | 0.069 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 18.8% | 19.9% |
sugar beet | 0.006 | 0.04 | 0.16 | 0.18 | 18.8% | 19.4% | ||
2 | Semi-batch VTC | bark | 0.013 * | 0.051 * | n.r. | - | 45%# | 45% # |
sugar beet | 0.012 * | 0.046 * | n.r. | - | 45%# | 45% # | ||
3 | Semi-batch VTC | MSW | start 0.005 | start 0.03 | 0.2 | 47.0% | ||
end 0.0029 | end 0.0142 | 0.34 | 34.6% | |||||
4 | Batch HTC | wheat straw | 0.00219 | 0.014 | 0.46 | 0.54 | 5.0% | 5.1% |
digestate | 0.00157 | 0.0051 | 0.64 | 0.77 | 5.0% | 5.0% | ||
5 | Batch VTC | wheat straw | 0.01390 | 0.1804 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 25.0% | 28.9% |
digestate | 0.00995 | 0.1239 | 0.1 | 0.11 | 25.0% | 27.6% | ||
6 | Batch HTC | bagasse | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.378 | 1.1–1.9% | 1.1–2.0% |
lime peel | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.33 | 0.378 | 1.0–2.9% | 1.0–3.0% | ||
7 | Semi-batch VTC | bagasse | 0.041–0.053 @ | 0.473–0.609 @ | n.r. | - | 32.8% | 32.8% |
lime peel | 0.022–0.044 @ | 0.251–0.510 @ | n.r. | - | 22.0% | 22.0% |
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Ro, K.S.; Libra, J.A.; Alvarez-Murillo, A. Comparative Studies on Water- and Vapor-Based Hydrothermal Carbonization: Process Analysis. Energies 2020, 13, 5733. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215733
Ro KS, Libra JA, Alvarez-Murillo A. Comparative Studies on Water- and Vapor-Based Hydrothermal Carbonization: Process Analysis. Energies. 2020; 13(21):5733. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215733
Chicago/Turabian StyleRo, Kyoung S., Judy A. Libra, and Andrés Alvarez-Murillo. 2020. "Comparative Studies on Water- and Vapor-Based Hydrothermal Carbonization: Process Analysis" Energies 13, no. 21: 5733. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13215733