Impact of Boundary Conditions on the Performance Enhancement of Advanced Control Strategies for a Residential Building with a Heat Pump and PV System with Energy Storage
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Previous Work
1.2. Aim, Scope and Novelty of the Study
2. Methodology
2.1. Reference Building Model
2.2. Compact Heat Pump System
2.3. PV System
2.4. Battery Storage
2.5. Operational Control Strategies
2.6. Energetic and Economic Performance Indicators
3. Examined Boundary Conditions
3.1. Country
3.2. Meteorological Data
3.3. Building Insulation Standards
3.4. Electricity, Occupancy, Room Set Temperature, and DHW Profiles
3.5. Dynamic Electricity Tariffs
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Energy Use Analysis
4.2. Economic Analysis
4.3. Thermal Comfort
4.4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Preference | Quantity |
---|---|
Electric compressor power (kW) | 0.25–1.88 |
Thermal power of HP (kW) | 1.34–4.35 |
Heat pump COP | 2.3–5.4 |
DHW storage tank capacity (liter) | 180 |
Electric auxiliary heater (kW) | 0.5–6.5 |
Preference | Quantity |
---|---|
Capacity PV (kW) | 3.12, 5.7 |
Inverter efficiency (%) | 97.7 |
PV tilt (°) | 27 |
PV azimuth (°) | 0 |
Capacity battery (kWh) | 3.6, 7.2 |
Round-trip battery efficiency (%) | 90 |
Limits of state of charge (%) | 10–90 |
Simulation Cases | Price Signal | PV Excess | SH Setpoint | DHW Setpoint | Priority |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Base case | 0 | To grid | Ref | Ref | None |
Base case + EL | 0 | Charging, PVexcess > 0 | Ref | Ref | Appliances |
Charging | |||||
TH + EL | 0 | Overheating SH, DHW PVexcess > 320 | +1 K 1 | +6 K 1 | Appliances |
Thermal | |||||
PRICE + EL | 1 | Charging, PVexcess > 0 | ±0.5 K 2 | Ref | Appliances |
PRICE_TH + EL | 1 | Overheating SH, DHW PVexcess > 320 | ±0.5 K 2, 1 K 1 | Ref, +6 K 1 | Appliances |
Thermal | |||||
Charging |
Locations | Climate Zones | Heating Degree Days |
---|---|---|
Norrköping (Sweden) | Nordic | 2000 |
London (UK) | Oceanic | 1037 |
Stuttgart (Germany) | Continental | 1548 |
Lyon (France) | South Continental | 986 |
Madrid (Spain) | Southern Dry | 775 |
Rome (Italy) | Mediterranean | 403 |
Wall | Window | Floor | Roof | Overall | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sweden | 0.23 | 1.27 | 0.12 | 0.09 | 0.20 |
UK | 0.35 | 1.8 | 0.35 | 0.2 | 0.37 |
Germany | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.33 |
France | 0.27 | 1.4 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.28 |
Spain | 0.3 | 1.4 | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.33 |
Italy | 0.34 | 2.2 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.42 |
Occupancy | Annual Electricity Consumption Appliances (kWh/year) | Annual Electricity Consumption HP (kWh/year) | Annual DHW Consumption (kWh/year) |
---|---|---|---|
2P | 2689 | 6360 | 2469 |
4P | 3649 | 6964 | 4159 |
4P+ | 5506 | 6420 | 4159 |
Sweden | UK | Germany | France | Spain | Italy | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy and supply (Euro-ct/kWh) | 3.9 | 12.1 | 7.0 | 5.7 | 12.0 | 9.6 |
Network (Euro-ct/kWh) | 5.5 | 4.6 | 6.0 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 8.5 |
Energy taxes (Euro-ct/kWh) | 6.1 | 3.5 | 14.9 | 5.6 | 4.5 | 12.2 |
Total (Euros/kWh) | 0.15 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.16 | 0.21 | 0.30 |
Spot market price fraction of the total price (%) | 14% | 21% | 11% | 25% | 25% | 17% |
VAT (%) | 25% | 5% | 19% | 20% | 21% | 22% |
Energy Quantity | Norrköping Sweden | London UK | Stuttgart Germany | Lyon France | Madrid Spain | Rome Italy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Space heat ( kWh year−1) | 14,748 | 17,495 | 17,383 | 14,126 | 12,185 | 11,624 |
DHW (kWh year−1) | 4149 | 4127 | 4151 | 4111 | 4109 | 4068 |
Heat pump electricity (kWh year−1) | 5040 | 5712 | 5850 | 4820 | 4188 | 4253 |
Aux electricity (kWh year−1) | 1917 | 1743 | 2900 | 1842 | 1839 | 731 |
Electrical appliances and lighting (kWh year−1) | 3649 | 3684 | 3679 | 3678 | 3713 | 3668 |
SPF | 2.72 | 2.9 | 2.56 | 2.74 | 2.71 | 3.15 |
PV production AC (kWh year−1) small/medium size | 3553/6519 | 3679/6829 | 4176/7800 | 4402/8526 | 5286/11,041 | 5421/10,312 |
Measure | Quantity | |||||
System without battery | ||||||
SC (%) Small/medium PV size | 45/32 | 51/37 | 45/32 | 41/28 | 39/24 | 36/23 |
SF (%) Small/medium PV size | 15/20 | 17/23 | 15/20 | 18/23 | 21/27 | 22/27 |
Final energy (kWh year−1) Small/medium PV size | 9014/8509 | 9254/8606 | 9802/8940 | 8519/7945 | 7666/7069 | 6692/6287 |
Net cost of Energy (€ year−1) Small/medium PV size | 1230/1109 | 1707/1477 | 2826/2573 | 1267/1039 | 1119/1029 | 1621/1486 |
System with battery | ||||||
SC (%) Small/medium PV size | 62/51 | 68/56 | 62/51 | 59/46 | 59/41 | 54/40 |
SF (%) Small/medium PV size | 21/32 | 23/35 | 21/32 | 25/38 | 32/47 | 34/48 |
Final energy (kWh year−1) Small/medium PV size | 8386/7248 | 8628/7295 | 9681/8319 | 7753/6404 | 6610/5182 | 5746/4475 |
Net cost of Energy (€ year−1) Small/medium PV size | 1161/975 | 1617/1288 | 2655/2211 | 1183/870 | 1282/747 | 1517/1053 |
Change in FE due to battery (kWh year−1) Small/medium PV size | 628/1138 | 626/1333 | 121/1362 | 766/1349 | 1056/1428 | 946/1271 |
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Psimopoulos, E.; Johari, F.; Bales, C.; Widén, J. Impact of Boundary Conditions on the Performance Enhancement of Advanced Control Strategies for a Residential Building with a Heat Pump and PV System with Energy Storage. Energies 2020, 13, 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061413
Psimopoulos E, Johari F, Bales C, Widén J. Impact of Boundary Conditions on the Performance Enhancement of Advanced Control Strategies for a Residential Building with a Heat Pump and PV System with Energy Storage. Energies. 2020; 13(6):1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061413
Chicago/Turabian StylePsimopoulos, Emmanouil, Fatemeh Johari, Chris Bales, and Joakim Widén. 2020. "Impact of Boundary Conditions on the Performance Enhancement of Advanced Control Strategies for a Residential Building with a Heat Pump and PV System with Energy Storage" Energies 13, no. 6: 1413. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13061413