Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Spray Characteristics of Liquid Jets in Gaseous Crossflow
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Preparation and Properties of Nanofluids
2.2. Spray Experimental Facility
2.3. Image Processing
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flow Visualization
3.2. Breakup Regimes
3.3. Penetration Behaviors
3.4. Column Fracture Regularity
4. Summary and Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
CD di dj dL dmax dp0 ΔR Fa Fσ h lc Oh Pep PV q Rej Rep S1 Scircle Sellipse tli ug uj ul w Weg X Z δ θ λc μ ν ρ σ φ | liquid column average drag coefficient width of liquid column cross-section, m liquid jet diameter at the nozzle exit, m equivalent diameter of water molecules, m length of liquid column cross-section, m mean diameter of monodispersed nanoparticles, m thickness of solvation layer, m aerodynamic drag force, N surface tension, N characteristic height of column cell, m cross-section perimeter of liquid column, m Ohnesorge number, particle Peclet number, nanofluids-jet parameter, jet momentum flux ratio, jet Reynolds number, particle Reynolds number, windward area of liquid column, m2 rounded cross-section area of liquid column, m2 elliptic cross-section area of liquid column, m2 onset of surface breakup time, s air crossflow velocity, m/s liquid velocity at the nozzle exit, m/s mean velocity of ligament in boundary layer, m/s mass fraction of nanoparticles, wt.% gas phase Weber number, non-dimensional x-coordinate, x/dj non-dimensional z-coordinate, z/dj thickness of liquid boundary layer, m angle between X axis and tangent of jet trajectory column wave length, m dynamic viscosity, Pa·s kinematic viscosity, m2/s density, kg/m3 surface tension, N/m volume fraction of nanoparticles, vol.% |
Subscripts | |
b bf g j L nf p ∞ | location of liquid column fracture basic fluid gas jet liquid nanofluids nanoparticle ambient gas |
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Liquids | DI Water | Basic Fluid | Nanofluids |
---|---|---|---|
Nanoparticle concentration (w) (wt.%) | 0 | 0 | 0.5/1.0/1.5/2.0 |
Density (ρL) (kg/m3) | 997.1 | 997.1 | 1000.9–1012.3 |
Viscosity (μL) (mPa·s) | 0.894 | 0.897 | 0.987–1.106 |
Surface tension (σ) (mN/m) | 71.97 | 32.31 | 32.58–33.15 |
Fluid | DI Water | Basic Fluid | Nanofluids |
---|---|---|---|
Air Crossflow Velocity (u∞) (m/s) | 36–40 | 20–56 | 20–50 |
Liquid Jet Exit Velocity (uj) (m/s) | 10–17.3 | 9.5–17.1 | 9.5–17.3 |
Liquid Reynolds Number (Rej) | 11157–19302 | 10563–19013 | 9083–17442 |
Crossflow Weber Number (Weg) | 22–26 | 15–101 | 15–92 |
Momentum Flux Ratio (q) | 56–167 | 32–234 | 32–232 |
Liquid Jet Ohnesorge Number (Oh) | 0.0033 | 0.005 | 0.0055–0.006 |
Liquid/Gas Density Ratio (ρL/ρg) | 841 | 841 | 845–854 |
Liquid/Gas Viscosity Ratio (μL/μg) | 49 | 49 | 54–60 |
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Shi, W.; Li, F.; Lin, Q.; Fang, G.; Chen, L.; Zhang, L. Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Spray Characteristics of Liquid Jets in Gaseous Crossflow. Energies 2020, 13, 1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071574
Shi W, Li F, Lin Q, Fang G, Chen L, Zhang L. Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Spray Characteristics of Liquid Jets in Gaseous Crossflow. Energies. 2020; 13(7):1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071574
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Weidong, Fengyu Li, Qizhao Lin, Guofeng Fang, Liang Chen, and Liang Zhang. 2020. "Effects of Nanoparticle Additives on Spray Characteristics of Liquid Jets in Gaseous Crossflow" Energies 13, no. 7: 1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13071574