Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
3. Major Challenges
4. Operation of the Proposed Converter
4.1. Mode 1 ()
4.2. Mode 2 ()
4.3. Mode 3 ()
4.4. Mode 4 ()
5. Steady State Analysis
5.1. Dc Voltage Gain Equation
5.2. Input Inductor Design
5.3. VDR Capacitor Design
6. Experimental Implementation
6.1. Specifications
- System Input voltage: 20 V–24 V
- Switching frequency: 100 kHz
- Output voltage: 300 V–400 V
- Output power: 280 W
- Output voltage ripple: <0.2%
- Input current ripple: <1.2%
6.2. Component Specifications
- System Input inductor, Lin: 150 µH
- Transformer turns ratio: 6 µH
- Output voltage: 1:2
- VDR capacitor: 1.2 µF
- Output filter capacitor: 0.33 µF
6.3. System Simulation
6.4. Hardware Implementation
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Global Vehicle Ownership (Units in Million) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
2010 | 2020 | 2030 | 2035 | |
Asia | 240 | 401 | 577 | 686 |
North America | 263 | 301 | 336 | 352 |
Latin America | 94 | 157 | 214 | 233 |
OECD Europe | 372 | 434 | 485 | 501 |
Middle East | 29 | 45 | 67 | 77 |
Africa | 26 | 34 | 45 | 52 |
Oceania | 18 | 21 | 24 | 25 |
Global Total | 1043 | 1392 | 1747 | 1926 |
Sl. No. | Comparison | ||
---|---|---|---|
Combustion Engine Vehicles | Electric Vehicles | Fuel Cell Vehicles | |
1 | Longer Driving range | Shorter driving range | Longer Driving range |
2 | Refueling time is less | Charging time is more | Refueling time is less |
3 | Low initial cost | High initial cost | High initial cost |
4 | Running cost is high | Running cost is low | Running cost is high |
5 | Fuel tank to wheel efficiency is 25–30% | Battery to wheel efficiency is 75–80% | Fuel cell to wheel efficiency is 75–80% |
6 | Noise pollution | No noise pollution | No noise pollution |
7 | Requires gear assembly | Does not require gear assembly | Does not require gear assembly |
8 | Pollutes the environment | Pollution-free performance | Pollution-free performance |
9 | Costly maintenance | Easy a cheaper maintenance | Easy a cheaper maintenance |
10 | Complex control | Easy and smooth control | Easy and smooth control |
Parameter | Specification |
---|---|
Input voltage (Boost mode) | +25 V -0- −25 V |
Output voltage (Boost mode) | +100 V -0- −100 V (Line to line 200 V) |
Input voltage (Buck mode) | +80 V -0- −80 V |
Output voltage (Buck mode) | +20 V -0- −20 V |
Frequency, Boost duty and buck duty | 50 kHz, 0.75 and 0.25 |
dSPACE kit | DS 1104 |
Opto driver | HCPL 3120 |
MOSFET Switch | IRF 640N, 200 V, 18 A |
Fixed inductors (Ferrite core) | 2 mH |
MKP capacitors | 20 µF |
A resonant inductor (Ferrite core) | 35 µH |
Resonant capacitor (MKP) | 2 µF |
Sl. No | Parameter | Simulation Values | Prototype Hardware Values | Units |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Designed Power Rating | 280 | 272 | Watt |
2 | Operating frequency | 100 | 100 | kHz |
3 | Input Voltage Range | 20–24 | 20 | Volt |
4 | Average Input current | 11.7 | 13.6 | Ampere |
5 | Average output Voltage | 300–400 | 395 | Volt |
6 | Average output Current | 0.7–0.93 | 0.64 | Ampere |
7 | Output Power Obtained | 264.6 | 252.8 | Watt |
Efficiency | 92.9% |
© 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Devaraj, E.; Joseph, P.K.; Karuppa Raj Rajagopal, T.; Sundaram, S. Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation. Energies 2020, 13, 1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081944
Devaraj E, Joseph PK, Karuppa Raj Rajagopal T, Sundaram S. Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation. Energies. 2020; 13(8):1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081944
Chicago/Turabian StyleDevaraj, Elangovan, Peter K. Joseph, Thundil Karuppa Raj Rajagopal, and Senthilarasu Sundaram. 2020. "Renewable Energy Powered Plugged-In Hybrid Vehicle Charging System for Sustainable Transportation" Energies 13, no. 8: 1944. https://doi.org/10.3390/en13081944