A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Presentation of the Current Energy Situation
2.1. Presentation of the Study Area
2.2. Current Energy Situation in the Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. System Modeling
3.1.1. PV Output Model
3.1.2. Battery Storage Equation Model
3.1.3. The Main Grid Energy Supply Modeling
3.2. System Sizing and Optimization
The Objective Functions
3.3. Operational Strategy
- 1.
- When the grid connection is on, the grid energy supplies the load and the PV energy system charges the batteries. In this case, the energy charge of batteries and the grid energy supplied at the time interval Δt are given, respectively, by:
- ➢
- If this excess PV energy is greater than or equal to the energy demand, then the grid energy supplied is zero because the total energy demand is satisfied by the PV energy system;
- ➢
- Whereas, if the excess PV energy is less than the energy demand, the grid energy supplied is the difference between the energy demand and the PV excess energy:
- 2.
- When the main grid is off, the total energy demand is supplied by the PV system.
- ➢
- If the PV energy is greater than or equal to the energy demand, the surplus PV energy charges the batteries. The energy charge of the batteries at the time interval Δt is then given by:
- ➢
- If the PV energy is less than the energy demand, the energy deficit is provided by the batteries:
- If the state of charge of the batteries is less than or equal to the minimum permissible state (0.2Cbat_max), the energy discharge of the batteries is zero;
- If the state of charge of the batteries is greater than the minimum permissible state and if the maximum dischargeable battery energy at the time interval Δt (Cbat (Δt) − 0.2Cbat_max) is greater than the energy deficit, then the energy supplied by the batteries and the capacity of the batteries at the time t are given by Equations (29) and (30), respectively.
- If the state of charge of the batteries is greater than the minimum permissible state, and if the maximum dischargeable battery energy at the time interval Δt is less than the energy deficit, then the energy supplied by the batteries and the capacity of the batteries at the time interval Δt are given by Equations (31) and (32), respectively.
4. Results and Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Abbreviations | |
PV | Photovoltaic |
NOCT | Nominal operating cells temperature (°C) |
SOC | State of charge of water in the reservoir |
LPSP | Loss of power supply probability |
NPC | Net present cost |
FA | Firefly algorithm |
Symbols | |
Npv | Number of photovoltaic modules |
Epv,out | Photovoltaic energy production (kW) |
Epv | Photovoltaic energy supplied (kW) |
Epv,ref | Photovoltaic energy at reference condition (25 °C or 298 K) (kW) |
Ta | Ambient temperature (°C) |
G | Solar radiation (kWh/m2) |
Gref | Irradiance at reference condition (kW/m2) |
GNOCT | Solar radiation at NOCT (kWh/m2) |
Tc | Cell temperature (°C or K) |
Tc,ref | Cell temperature at reference condition (25 °C or 298 K) |
Epv | Photovoltaic daily energy production |
Iter | Iteration |
Iter_max | Maximum number of iterations |
Cbat | Storage capacity of batteries (kWh or kAh) |
Cbat_max | Maximum storage capacity of batteries (kWh or kAh) |
Un | Nominal voltage of battery bank (V) |
Ebat_c | Energy of charge of batteries (kWh) |
Ebat_disch | Energy of discharge of batteries (kWh) |
Epv,s | PV energy supplied (kWh) |
Epv,c | PV energy consumed (kWh) |
Es | Energy supplied to load (kWh) |
Esurplus | Surplus of enery (kWh) |
Esurplus_maroua | Monthly surplus of energy corresponding to Maroua |
Esurplus_garoua | Monthly surplus of energy corresponding to Garoua |
Esurplus_ngaoundéré | Monthly surplus of energy corresponding to Ngaoundéré |
Eb,d | Battery energy discharged (kWh) |
Cbatt | Storage capacity of batteries (kWh or kAh) |
Esupply | Energy supplied to load |
Ed | Energy demand |
EG | Grid energy supplied |
Nad | Number of autonomy days of batteries |
Costpv | Cost of photovoltaic modules |
Costreservoir | Cost of reservoir |
Costregulator | Cost of regulator |
Greek symbols | |
α | Temperature coefficient of short-circuit current (A/K) |
ηinv | Inverter efficiency |
ηregul | Regulator efficiency |
ηbat_c | Efficiency of charge of batteries (%) |
ηbat_disch | Efficiency of discharge of batteries (%) |
USD | American US dollar |
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Designation | Quantity | Power (W) Unit | February–May | June–August | September–October | November–January | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
h/d | Wh/d | h/d | Wh/d | h/d | Wh/d | h/d | Wh/d | |||
Lighting | 7 | 9 | 7 | 441 | 7 | 441 | 7 | 441 | 7 | 441 |
Television | 1 | 60 | 6 | 360 | 6 | 360 | 6 | 360 | 6 | 360 |
Radio | 1 | 10 | 9 | 90 | 9 | 90 | 9 | 90 | 9 | 90 |
Ceiling fan | 4 | 45 | 18 | 3240 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 3240 | 0 | 0 |
Computer | 2 | 45 | 10 | 900 | 10 | 900 | 10 | 900 | 10 | 900 |
Refrigerator | 1 | 300 | 24 | 7200 | 24 | 7200 | 24 | 7200 | 24 | 7200 |
Total | 12,231 | 8991 | 12,231 | 8991 |
Time Variation (Hours) | Δt1 (1 h–7 h) | Δt2 (7 h–13 h) | Δt3 (13 h–19 h) | Δt4 (19 h–1 h) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Energy demand (kWh) (Feb.-Mar.-Apr.-May-Sept.-Oct.) | 2.071 | 3.050 | 3.223 | 3.887 |
Energy demand (kWh) (Jan.-June-July-Aug.-Nov.-Dec.) | 2.071 | 1.970 | 2.143 | 2.807 |
Time Slots | 1 h–7 h | 7 h–13 h | 13 h–19 h | 19 h–1 h |
---|---|---|---|---|
Grid connection: week 1 | Yes | No | Yes | No |
Grid connection: week 2 | No | Yes | No | Yes |
Designation | Unit | Cost (USD) | Lifetime (year) |
---|---|---|---|
PV array | W | 1 | 25 |
Batteries | Ah | 1.63 | 8 |
Inverter | kW | 896 | 15 |
Charge regulator | kW | 450 | 15 |
City | LPSP (%) | Number of PV Modules | Autonomy of Batteries (Days) | Capacity of Batteries (kWh) | Investment Cost (USD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maroua | 0 | 8 | 1 | 11.304 | 6225.6 |
Garoua | 0 | 8 | 1 | 11.304 | 6225.6 |
Ngaoundéré | 0 | 10 | 1 | 11.304 | 7136.6 |
City | Month (mth) | Ed (kWh) | EG (kWh) | EPV,s (kWh) | Epv,c (kWh) | Eb,d (kWh) | Es = EG + Epv,c + Eb,d (kWh) | Esurplus = Epv,s − Epv,c − Eb,d (kWh) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maroua | January | 278.721 | 78.445 | 446.970 | 123.563 | 76.713 | 278.721 | 246.694 |
February | 342.468 | 94.019 | 395.270 | 165.061 | 83.388 | 342.468 | 146.821 | |
March | 379.161 | 104.898 | 396.260 | 179.279 | 94.984 | 379.161 | 121.997 | |
April | 366.930 | 125.821 | 325.020 | 151.818 | 89.291 | 366.930 | 83.911 | |
May | 379.161 | 169.164 | 271.820 | 120.469 | 89.528 | 379.161 | 61.823 | |
June | 269.730 | 102.668 | 231.940 | 94.941 | 72.121 | 269.730 | 64.878 | |
July | 278.721 | 110.412 | 232.310 | 93.553 | 74.756 | 278.721 | 64.001 | |
August | 278.721 | 105.078 | 234.370 | 97.217 | 76.426 | 278.721 | 60.727 | |
September | 366.930 | 143.614 | 289.890 | 132.130 | 91.186 | 366.960 | 66.574 | |
October | 379.161 | 107.878 | 371.240 | 181.658 | 89.625 | 379.161 | 99.957 | |
November | 269.730 | 76.374 | 424.740 | 119.450 | 73.906 | 269.730 | 231.384 | |
December | 278.721 | 81.151 | 446.870 | 121.593 | 75.977 | 278.721 | 249.300 | |
Garoua | January | 278.721 | 78.445 | 446.150 | 123.563 | 76.713 | 278.721 | 245.874 |
February | 342.468 | 96.869 | 389.341 | 162.260 | 83.339 | 342.468 | 143.742 | |
March | 379.161 | 107.983 | 387.659 | 176.224 | 94.954 | 379.161 | 116.481 | |
April | 366.930 | 133.995 | 315.216 | 143.644 | 89.291 | 366.930 | 82.281 | |
May | 379.161 | 178.326 | 261.487 | 111.333 | 89.502 | 379.161 | 60.652 | |
June | 269.730 | 107.785 | 225.551 | 89.899 | 72.046 | 269.730 | 63.606 | |
July | 278.721 | 116.028 | 224.184 | 88.019 | 74.674 | 278.721 | 61.491 | |
August | 278.721 | 108.781 | 231.080 | 93.604 | 76.336 | 278.721 | 61.140 | |
September | 366.930 | 154.133 | 275.978 | 121.639 | 91.158 | 366.930 | 63.181 | |
October | 379.161 | 112.949 | 369.930 | 176.587 | 89.625 | 379.161 | 103.718 | |
November | 269.730 | 76.374 | 423.488 | 119.450 | 73.906 | 269.730 | 230.132 | |
December | 278.721 | 81.151 | 448.428 | 121.593 | 75.977 | 278.721 | 250.858 | |
Ngaoundéré | January | 278.721 | 77.529 | 559.851 | 124.514 | 76.678 | 278.721 | 358.659 |
February | 342.468 | 89.394 | 468.794 | 169.780 | 83.294 | 342.468 | 215.720 | |
March | 379.161 | 97.973 | 427.605 | 186.259 | 94.929 | 379.161 | 146.417 | |
April | 366.930 | 124.216 | 319.846 | 153.439 | 89.275 | 366.930 | 77.132 | |
May | 379.161 | 170.568 | 263.116 | 119.026 | 89.567 | 379.161 | 54.523 | |
June | 269.730 | 98.434 | 234.205 | 99.124 | 72.172 | 269.730 | 62.909 | |
July | 278.721 | 108.049 | 236.098 | 95.928 | 74.744 | 278.721 | 65.426 | |
August | 278.721 | 96.235 | 253.322 | 106.089 | 76.397 | 278.721 | 70.836 | |
September | 366.930 | 140.516 | 289.226 | 135.228 | 91.186 | 366.930 | 62.812 | |
October | 379.161 | 104.223 | 363.278 | 185.313 | 89.625 | 379.161 | 88.340 | |
November | 269.730 | 74.873 | 485.050 | 120.951 | 73.906 | 269.730 | 290.193 | |
December | 278.721 | 78.866 | 545.147 | 123.878 | 75.977 | 278.721 | 345.292 |
City | Month | Ed (kWh) | EG (kWh) | Epv,c (kWh) | Eb,d (kWh) | EG/Ed (%) | Epv,c/Ed (%) | Eb,d/Ed (%) | PV + Batt (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Maroua | January | 278.721 | 78.445 | 123.563 | 76.713 | 28.144 | 44.332 | 27.523 | 71.855 |
February | 342.468 | 94.019 | 165.061 | 83.388 | 27.453 | 48.197 | 24.349 | 72.546 | |
March | 379.161 | 104.898 | 179.279 | 94.984 | 27.665 | 47.282 | 25.051 | 72.334 | |
April | 366.930 | 125.821 | 151.818 | 89.291 | 34.290 | 41.375 | 24.334 | 65.709 | |
May | 379.161 | 169.164 | 120.469 | 89.528 | 44.615 | 31.772 | 23.612 | 55.384 | |
June | 269.730 | 102.668 | 94.941 | 72.121 | 38.063 | 35.198 | 26.738 | 61.936 | |
July | 278.721 | 110.412 | 93.553 | 74.756 | 39.614 | 33.565 | 26.820 | 60.385 | |
August | 278.721 | 105.078 | 97.217 | 76.426 | 37.700 | 34.879 | 27.42 | 62.299 | |
September | 366.930 | 143.614 | 132.130 | 91.186 | 39.139 | 36.009 | 24.851 | 60.860 | |
October | 379.161 | 107.878 | 181.658 | 89.625 | 28.451 | 47.910 | 23.637 | 71.548 | |
November | 269.730 | 76.374 | 119.450 | 73.906 | 28.314 | 44.285 | 27.399 | 71.685 | |
December | 278.721 | 81.151 | 121.593 | 75.977 | 29.115 | 43.625 | 27.259 | 70.884 | |
Garoua | January | 278.721 | 78.445 | 123.563 | 76.713 | 28.144 | 44.332 | 27.523 | 71.855 |
February | 342.468 | 96.869 | 162.260 | 83.339 | 28.285 | 47.379 | 24.334 | 71.714 | |
March | 379.161 | 107.983 | 176.224 | 94.954 | 28.479 | 46.477 | 25.043 | 71.520 | |
April | 366.930 | 133.995 | 143.644 | 89.291 | 36.517 | 39.147 | 24.334 | 63.482 | |
May | 379.161 | 178.326 | 111.333 | 89.502 | 47.031 | 29.363 | 23.605 | 52.968 | |
June | 269.730 | 107.785 | 89.899 | 72.046 | 39.960 | 33.329 | 26.710 | 60.039 | |
July | 278.721 | 116.028 | 88.019 | 74.674 | 41.628 | 31.579 | 26.791 | 58.371 | |
August | 278.721 | 108.781 | 93.604 | 76.336 | 39.028 | 33.583 | 27.387 | 60.971 | |
September | 366.930 | 154.133 | 121.639 | 91.158 | 42.006 | 33.150 | 24.843 | 57.993 | |
October | 379.161 | 112.949 | 176.587 | 89.625 | 29.789 | 46.573 | 23.637 | 70.210 | |
November | 269.730 | 76.374 | 119.450 | 73.906 | 28.314 | 44.285 | 27.399 | 71.685 | |
December | 278.721 | 81.151 | 121.593 | 75.977 | 29.115 | 43.625 | 27.259 | 70.884 | |
Ngaoundéré | January | 278.721 | 77.529 | 124.514 | 76.678 | 27.815 | 44.673 | 27.510 | 72.184 |
February | 342.468 | 89.394 | 169.780 | 83.294 | 26.102 | 49.575 | 24.321 | 73.897 | |
March | 379.161 | 97.973 | 186.259 | 94.929 | 25.839 | 49.124 | 25.036 | 74.160 | |
April | 366.930 | 124.216 | 153.439 | 89.275 | 33.852 | 41.816 | 24.330 | 66.147 | |
May | 379.161 | 170.568 | 119.026 | 89.567 | 44.985 | 31.391 | 23.622 | 55.014 | |
June | 269.730 | 98.434 | 99.124 | 72.172 | 36.493 | 36.749 | 26.757 | 63.506 | |
July | 278.721 | 108.049 | 95.928 | 74.744 | 38.766 | 34.417 | 26.816 | 61.233 | |
August | 278.721 | 96.235 | 106.089 | 76.397 | 34.527 | 38.062 | 27.409 | 65.472 | |
September | 366.930 | 140.516 | 135.228 | 91.186 | 38.294 | 36.853 | 24.851 | 61.705 | |
October | 379.161 | 104.223 | 185.313 | 89.625 | 27.487 | 48.874 | 23.637 | 72.512 | |
November | 269.730 | 74.873 | 120.951 | 73.906 | 27.758 | 44.841 | 27.399 | 72.241 | |
December | 278.721 | 78.866 | 123.878 | 75.977 | 28.295 | 44.444 | 27.259 | 71.704 |
Month | Epv,s/Esurplus_maroua (%) | Epv,s/Esurplus_garoua (%) | Epv,s/Esurplus_ngaoundéré (%) |
---|---|---|---|
January | 55.192 | 55.110 | 64.063 |
February | 37.144 | 36.919 | 46.015 |
March | 30.787 | 30.047 | 34.241 |
April | 25.817 | 26.103 | 24.115 |
May | 22.744 | 23.194 | 20.722 |
June | 27.972 | 28.200 | 26.860 |
July | 27.550 | 27.428 | 27.711 |
August | 25.911 | 26.458 | 27.963 |
September | 22.965 | 22.893 | 21.717 |
October | 26.925 | 28.037 | 24.317 |
November | 54.476 | 54.342 | 59.827 |
December | 55.788 | 55.941 | 63.339 |
Annual average percentage of surplus of energy (%) | 34.439 | 34.556 | 36.741 |
Energy Supply Configuration | Only Grid Connection without Power Shedding | Only Grid Connection with Power Shedding | PV Energy Production System | Grid Connection with Power Shedding + PV System | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Year | Energy Consumed (kWh) | Total Cost of Energy (USD) | Energy Consumed (kWh) | Total Cost of Energy (USD) | Total Investment Cost (USD) | Total Cost (USD) |
Maroua | 1 | 3868.155 | 558.736 | 1299.524 | 187.710 | 6225.6 | 6413.310 |
2 | 7736.310 | 1117.473 | 2599.049 | 375.420 | 6225.6 | 6601.020 | |
3 | 11,604.465 | 1676.209 | 3898.573 | 563.130 | 6225.6 | 6788.730 | |
4 | 15,472.62 | 2234.946 | 5198.098 | 750.840 | 6225.6 | 6976.440 | |
5 | 19,340.775 | 2793.683 | 6497.622 | 938.550 | 6225.6 | 7164.150 | |
6 | 23,208.93 | 3352.419 | 7797.147 | 1126.260 | 6225.6 | 7351.860 | |
7 | 27,077.085 | 3911.156 | 9096.671 | 1313.971 | 6225.6 | 7539.571 | |
8 | 30,945.24 | 4469.893 | 10,396.196 | 1501.681 | 6225.6 | 7727.281 | |
9 | 34,813.395 | 5028.629 | 11,695.720 | 1689.391 | 6225.6 | 7914.991 | |
10 | 38,681.550 | 5587.366 | 12,995.245 | 1877.101 | 6225.6 | 8102.701 | |
11 | 42,549.705 | 6146.103 | 14,294.769 | 2064.811 | 6225.6 | 8290.411 | |
12 | 46,417.860 | 6704.839 | 15,594.294 | 2252.521 | 6225.6 | 8478.121 | |
13 | 50,286.015 | 7263.576 | 16,893.818 | 2440.231 | 6225.6 | 8665.831 | |
14 | 54,154.170 | 7822.313 | 18,193.343 | 2627.942 | 6225.6 | 8853.542 | |
15 | 58,022.325 | 8381.049 | 19,492.867 | 2815.652 | 6225.6 | 9041.252 | |
16 | 61,890.480 | 8939.786 | 20,792.392 | 3003.362 | 6225.6 | 9228.962 | |
17 | 65,758.635 | 9498.522 | 22,091.916 | 3191.072 | 6225.6 | 9416.672 | |
18 | 69,626.790 | 10,057.259 | 23,391.441 | 3378.782 | 6225.6 | 9604.382 | |
19 | 73,494.945 | 10,615.996 | 24,690.965 | 3566.492 | 6225.6 | 9792.092 | |
20 | 77,363.100 | 11,174.732 | 25,990.490 | 3754.203 | 6225.6 | 9979.803 | |
21 | 81,231.255 | 11,733.469 | 27,290.014 | 3941.913 | 6225.6 | 10,167.513 | |
22 | 85,099.410 | 12,292.206 | 28,589.539 | 4129.623 | 6225.6 | 10,355.223 | |
23 | 88,967.565 | 12,850.942 | 29,889.063 | 4317.333 | 6225.6 | 10,542.933 | |
24 | 92,835.720 | 13,409.679 | 31,188.588 | 4505.043 | 6225.6 | 10,730.643 | |
25 | 96,703.875 | 13,968.416 | 32,488.112 | 4692.753 | 6225.6 | 10,918.353 | |
Garoua | 1 | 3868.155 | 558.736 | 1352.818 | 195.408 | 6225.6 | 6421.008 |
2 | 7736.310 | 1117.473 | 2705.636 | 390.816 | 6225.6 | 6616.416 | |
3 | 11,604.465 | 1676.209 | 4058.455 | 586.224 | 6225.6 | 6811.824 | |
4 | 15,472.620 | 2234.946 | 5411.273 | 781.632 | 6225.6 | 7007.232 | |
5 | 19,340.775 | 2793.683 | 6764.092 | 977.041 | 6225.6 | 7202.641 | |
6 | 23,208.930 | 3352.419 | 8116.910 | 1172.449 | 6225.6 | 7398.049 | |
7 | 27,077.085 | 3911.156 | 9469.728 | 1367.857 | 6225.6 | 7593.457 | |
8 | 30,945.240 | 4469.893 | 10,822.547 | 1563.265 | 6225.6 | 7788.865 | |
9 | 34,813.395 | 5028.629 | 12,175.365 | 1758.673 | 6225.6 | 7984.273 | |
10 | 38,681.550 | 5587.366 | 13,528.184 | 1954.082 | 6225.6 | 8179.682 | |
11 | 42,549.705 | 6146.103 | 14,881.002 | 2149.490 | 6225.6 | 8375.090 | |
12 | 46,417.860 | 6704.839 | 16,233.820 | 2344.898 | 6225.6 | 8570.498 | |
13 | 50,286.015 | 7263.576 | 17,586.639 | 2540.306 | 6225.6 | 8765.906 | |
14 | 54,154.170 | 7822.313 | 18,939.457 | 2735.714 | 6225.6 | 8961.314 | |
15 | 58,022.325 | 8381.049 | 20,292.276 | 2931.123 | 6225.6 | 9156.723 | |
16 | 61,890.480 | 8939.786 | 21,645.094 | 3126.531 | 6225.6 | 9352.13 | |
17 | 65,758.635 | 9498.522 | 22,997.912 | 3321.939 | 6225.6 | 9547.539 | |
18 | 69,626.790 | 10,057.259 | 24,350.731 | 3517.347 | 6225.6 | 9742.947 | |
19 | 73,494.945 | 10,615.996 | 25,703.549 | 3712.755 | 6225.6 | 9938.355 | |
20 | 77,363.100 | 11,174.732 | 27,056.368 | 3908.164 | 6225.6 | 10,133.764 | |
21 | 81,231.255 | 11,733.469 | 28,409.186 | 4103.572 | 6225.6 | 10,329.172 | |
22 | 85,099.410 | 12,292.206 | 29,762.004 | 4298.980 | 6225.6 | 10,524.580 | |
23 | 88,967.565 | 12,850.942 | 31,114.823 | 4494.388 | 6225.6 | 10,719.988 | |
24 | 92,835.720 | 13,409.679 | 32,467.641 | 4689.796 | 6225.6 | 10,915.396 | |
25 | 96,703.875 | 13,968.416 | 33,820.460 | 4885.205 | 6225.6 | 11,110.805 | |
Ngaoundéré | 1 | 3868.155 | 558.736 | 1260.876 | 182.127 | 7136.6 | 7318.727 |
2 | 7736.310 | 1117.473 | 2521.752 | 364.255 | 7136.6 | 7500.855 | |
3 | 11,604.465 | 1676.209 | 3782.629 | 546.382 | 7136.6 | 7682.982 | |
4 | 15,472.620 | 2234.946 | 5043.505 | 728.510 | 7136.6 | 7865.110 | |
5 | 19,340.775 | 2793.683 | 6304.382 | 910.638 | 7136.6 | 8047.238 | |
6 | 23,208.930 | 3352.419 | 7565.258 | 1092.765 | 7136.6 | 8229.365 | |
7 | 27,077.085 | 3911.156 | 8826.134 | 1274.893 | 7136.6 | 8411.493 | |
8 | 30,945.240 | 4469.893 | 10087.011 | 1457.020 | 7136.6 | 8593.620 | |
9 | 34,813.395 | 5028.629 | 11,347.887 | 1639.148 | 7136.6 | 8775.748 | |
10 | 38,681.550 | 5587.366 | 12,608.764 | 1821.276 | 7136.6 | 8957.876 | |
11 | 42,549.705 | 6146.103 | 13,869.640 | 2003.403 | 7136.6 | 9140.003 | |
12 | 46,417.860 | 6704.839 | 15,130.516 | 2185.531 | 7136.6 | 9322.131 | |
13 | 50,286.015 | 7263.576 | 16,391.393 | 2367.659 | 7136.6 | 9504.259 | |
14 | 54,154.170 | 7822.313 | 17,652.269 | 2549.786 | 7136.6 | 9686.386 | |
15 | 58,022.325 | 8381.049 | 18,913.146 | 2731.914 | 7136.6 | 9868.514 | |
16 | 61,890.480 | 8939.786 | 20,174.022 | 2914.041 | 7136.6 | 10,050.641 | |
17 | 65,758.635 | 9498.522 | 21,434.898 | 3096.169 | 7136.6 | 10,232.769 | |
18 | 69,626.790 | 10,057.259 | 22,695.775 | 3278.297 | 7136.6 | 10,414.897 | |
19 | 73,494.945 | 10,615.996 | 23,956.651 | 3460.424 | 7136.6 | 10,597.024 | |
20 | 77,363.100 | 11,174.732 | 25,217.528 | 3642.552 | 7136.6 | 10,779.152 | |
21 | 81,231.255 | 11,733.469 | 26,478.404 | 3824.679 | 7136.6 | 10,961.279 | |
22 | 85,099.410 | 12,292.206 | 27,739.280 | 4006.807 | 7136.6 | 11,143.407 | |
23 | 88,967.565 | 12,850.942 | 29,000.157 | 4188.935 | 7136.6 | 11,325.535 | |
24 | 92,835.720 | 13,409.679 | 30,261.033 | 4371.062 | 7136.6 | 11,507.662 | |
25 | 96,703.875 | 13,968.416 | 31,521.910 | 4553.190 | 7136.6 | 11,689.790 |
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Zieba Falama, R.; Ngangoum Welaji, F.; Dadjé, A.; Dumbrava, V.; Djongyang, N.; Salah, C.B.; Doka, S.Y. A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon. Energies 2021, 14, 2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102836
Zieba Falama R, Ngangoum Welaji F, Dadjé A, Dumbrava V, Djongyang N, Salah CB, Doka SY. A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon. Energies. 2021; 14(10):2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102836
Chicago/Turabian StyleZieba Falama, Ruben, Felix Ngangoum Welaji, Abdouramani Dadjé, Virgil Dumbrava, Noël Djongyang, Chokri Ben Salah, and Serge Yamigno Doka. 2021. "A Solution to the Problem of Electrical Load Shedding Using Hybrid PV/Battery/Grid-Connected System: The Case of Households’ Energy Supply of the Northern Part of Cameroon" Energies 14, no. 10: 2836. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14102836