Modeling Sea Ice Effects for Wave Energy Resource Assessments
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Wave Model
2.3. Boundary Conditions and Sea Ice Input
3. Results
3.1. Model Validation
3.2. Parameterization of Sea Ice/Wave Interaction in SWAN
3.3. Effect of Sea Ice on the Wave Resource
4. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Error Statistics
References
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Coefficient | Rogers et al., 2018 | Meylan et al., 2014 | Hosekova et al., 2020 | 2H 1 |
---|---|---|---|---|
C2 (s2 m−1) | 0.284 × 10−3 | 1.06 × 10−3 | 3.8 × 10−3 | 7.6 × 10−3 |
C4 (s4 m−1) | 1.53 × 10−2 | 2.3 × 10−2 | 1.8 × 10−2 | 3.6 × 10−2 |
Model | RMSE (m) | Bias (m) | R | PE (%) | SI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | |
SWAN no ice | 0.64 | 0.28 | 0.44 | 0.12 | 0.94 | 0.87 | 31.52 | 22.83 | 0.33 | 0.33 |
SWAN + ice | 0.57 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.02 | 0.92 | 0.81 | 26.94 | 10.56 | 0.31 | 0.37 |
Model | RMSE (m) | Bias (m) | R | PE (%) | SI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | |
SWAN no ice | 1.00 | 0.47 | 0.73 | 0.31 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 30.73 | 31.46 | 0.44 | 0.44 |
SWAN + R | 0.90 | 0.45 | 0.65 | 0.25 | 0.93 | 0.87 | 27.83 | 26.77 | 0.39 | 0.42 |
SWAN + M | 0.87 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.21 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 22.64 | 22.64 | 0.38 | 0.39 |
SWAN + H | 0.82 | 0.39 | 0.50 | 0.12 | 0.90 | 0.84 | 21.86 | 14.14 | 0.36 | 0.37 |
SWAN + 2H | 0.81 | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.00 | 0.86 | 0.82 | 15.96 | 2.50 | 0.35 | 0.34 |
Model | RMSE (m) | Bias (m) | R | PE (%) | SI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | 46061 | 46060 | |
SWAN no ice | 0.82 | 0.36 | 0.56 | 0.13 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 28.83 | 14.32 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
SWAN + R | 0.73 | 0.33 | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.93 | 0.84 | 22.26 | 7.93 | 0.34 | 0.33 |
SWAN + M | 0.69 | 0.33 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.92 | 0.83 | 20.35 | 4.48 | 0.33 | 0.32 |
SWAN + H | 0.64 | 0.33 | 0.35 | −0.04 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 16.61 | −1.98 | 0.31 | 0.32 |
SWAN + 2H | 0.62 | 0.35 | 0.23 | −0.13 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 11.42 | −10.54 | 0.29 | 0.34 |
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Branch, R.; García-Medina, G.; Yang, Z.; Wang, T.; Ticona Rollano, F.; Hosekova, L. Modeling Sea Ice Effects for Wave Energy Resource Assessments. Energies 2021, 14, 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123482
Branch R, García-Medina G, Yang Z, Wang T, Ticona Rollano F, Hosekova L. Modeling Sea Ice Effects for Wave Energy Resource Assessments. Energies. 2021; 14(12):3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123482
Chicago/Turabian StyleBranch, Ruth, Gabriel García-Medina, Zhaoqing Yang, Taiping Wang, Fadia Ticona Rollano, and Lucia Hosekova. 2021. "Modeling Sea Ice Effects for Wave Energy Resource Assessments" Energies 14, no. 12: 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123482
APA StyleBranch, R., García-Medina, G., Yang, Z., Wang, T., Ticona Rollano, F., & Hosekova, L. (2021). Modeling Sea Ice Effects for Wave Energy Resource Assessments. Energies, 14(12), 3482. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123482