Prediction and Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Composite Vacuum Glazing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Heat Transfer of CVG
- All the materials are homogeneous, and the thermal conductivity does not change with temperature. The internal temperature of each joint is the same, regardless of the temperature gradient in the horizontal and vertical directions, so the surface temperature of the inner and outer sides of each glass joint is the same. The 2-D heat transfer model can be used for calculation and analysis because the heat conduction along the vertical height direction of each structural layer is ignored. Furthermore, the heat conduction between adjacent nodes in the same structural layer in the vertical direction is not considered.
- In the range of daily temperature and temperature difference, the wavelength of thermal radiation is in the far-infrared band of 4–40 μm. The Soda-lime glass is essentially opaque in this band. Therefore, it is not necessary to consider the influence of radiation through the first glass pane on the third glass pane when calculating the radiation heat transfer of CVG. Rather, the radiant thermal resistance of the glass panes can be calculated in sections [21]. The heat transfer mechanism of CVG is shown in Figure 2.
- The heat transfer of the support pillars in the central region is considered the same because of the symmetry of the CVG structure. The heat transfer in the central region is symmetric in its length and thickness. Therefore, the CVG model can be simplified as a unit model in the simulation analysis, as shown in Figure 3a.
2.2. Theoretical Calculation of U-Value
2.3. Numerical Simulation
2.4. Thermal Performance Experiments of CVG
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Analysis of the CVG Simulation Results
3.2. Comparison of the Thermal Performance Experiment and Simulation Results
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
CVG dimensions | Thickness | 24.2 mm |
Length | 200 mm | |
Glass pane thickness | 5 mm | |
Insulating layer thickness | 9 mm | |
Vacuum layer thickness | 0.2 mm | |
Edge seal/sealant width | 5 mm | |
Pillar dimensions | Radius | 0.3 mm |
Height | 0.2 mm | |
Separation | 30 × 30 mm | |
Thermal conductivity of materials | Glass panes (soda-lime glass) | 0.76 W m−1 K−1 |
Argon | 0.01734 W m−1 K−1 | |
Pillar (1Cr18Ni9) | 16.2 W m−1 K−1 | |
Surface emissivity of the glass panes | 0.837 | |
Surface emissivity of the Low-E coatings | 0.07 |
Boundary Conditions | Value | |
---|---|---|
Ambient temperature | Cold side | 253 K |
Warm side | 293 K | |
Airflow | Cold side | 3 m s−1 |
Warm side | Natural convection | |
Glazing surface heat Transfer coefficient | Cold side surface (hcold) | 23 W m−2 K−1 |
Warm side surface (hwarm) | 8 W m−2 K−1 |
Performance Indexes | Value | |
---|---|---|
Auxiliary power | Power Supply | 380 V, 11 kW |
Control system | Omron C200H-TV | Accuracy: 0.01 K |
Heating device | Direct heating electric heater | 1250 W Accuracy class: 0.5 |
Temperature sensor | DALLAS DS18B20 | Accuracy: ±0.5 K |
Hot box temperature control system | Temperature control range | 283 K–303 K |
Measurement accuracy | ≤0.1 K | |
Temperature fluctuation range | ≤0.5 K | |
Cold box temperature control system | Temperature control range | 251 K–263 K |
Measurement accuracy | ≤0.1 K | |
Temperature fluctuation range | ≤0.5 K | |
Test efficiency | Intermittent specimen test | 9–10 h/piece |
Continuous specimen test | 8–10 h/piece | |
Test repeatability | ≤5% |
Parameter | Value | |
---|---|---|
Specimen specification | Thickness | 24.2 mm |
Length | 1000 mm | |
Width | 1000 mm | |
Vacuum layer thickness | 0.2 mm | |
Insulating layer thickness | 9 mm | |
Edge width | 5 mm | |
Location of Low-E coatings (test scenario) | NLC 1LC-I 1LC-V 2LC-V | |
Filler plate specification | Thickness | 50 mm |
Area (S) | 1 m2 | |
Filler plate material | Polystyrene foam board | |
Thermal conductivity | 0.036 W m−1 K−1 |
Test Conditions | Value | |
---|---|---|
Heat box temperature | 293 ± 0.5 K | |
Cold box temperature | 253 ± 0.5 K | |
Airflow | Heat side | Natural convection |
Cold side | 3 m s−1 |
Location of Low-E Coating | Tv (K) | Ti (K) | ∆Ti (K) | Utot (W m−2 K−1) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | NLC | 285.3 ± 0.3 | 265.5 ± 0.3 | 20.8 ± 0.1 | 1.76 |
2 | 1LC-I | 285.1 ± 0.3 | 265.1 ± 0.2 | 20.2 ± 0.2 | 1.51 |
3 | 1LC-V | 284.3 ± 0.2 | 263.1 ± 0.3 | 16.5 ± 0.1 | 0.71 |
4 | 2LC-V | 282.2 ± 0.3 | 261.2 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 0.59 |
Location of Low-E Coatings | Uexperiment (W m−2 K−1) | Deviation (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | NLC | 1.83 | 3.8 |
2 | 1LC-I | 1.57 | 3.8 |
3 | 1LC-V | 0.73 | 2.7 |
4 | 2LC-V | 0.61 | 3.2 |
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Shi, Y.; Xi, X.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, H.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, R. Prediction and Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Composite Vacuum Glazing. Energies 2021, 14, 5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185769
Shi Y, Xi X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Zhang J, Zhang R. Prediction and Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Composite Vacuum Glazing. Energies. 2021; 14(18):5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185769
Chicago/Turabian StyleShi, Yangjie, Xiaobo Xi, Yifu Zhang, Haiyang Xu, Jianfeng Zhang, and Ruihong Zhang. 2021. "Prediction and Analysis of the Thermal Performance of Composite Vacuum Glazing" Energies 14, no. 18: 5769. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185769