Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Significant manual work is required to run the prequalification tests specified by the new Nordic TSOs PFR performance requirements and stability requirements [4]. A methodology for automating this process is presented;
- Several kinds of distributed energy resources are advantageously adjusted with a ramp, to avoid disturbance to humans or strain to the resource. The impact of using various ramp rates is studied with respect to PFR performance requirements and stability requirements [4];
- Communication delays are injected to the system to identify acceptable delays with respect to PFR performance requirements and stability requirements [4].
2. Related Work
3. Methodology
3.1. Requirements
3.1.1. Stationary Performance Requirement
3.1.2. Dynamic Performance Requirement
- (1)
- (2)
- (3)
3.1.3. Dynamic Stability Requirement
3.2. Setup for Validation of Requirements
3.3. Validation Methodology
4. Experimental Setup
- The relay contacts are permanently closed and all LEDs are continuously controlled by a PWM LED driver;
- The relays are controlled by the Raspberry Pi and the PWM LED driver supplies a constant 12 signal.
- Available(i) is defined as a function that returns true or false depending on whether reserve resource i is currently available for frequency control, so that the aggregator has permission to request an operation of its relay;
- InUse(i) is defined as a function that returns true if the aggregator has opened the relay of resource i (denoted in Figure 8 as relay_i) and false otherwise;
- P() is defined as the total power consumption of all of the resources for which InUse(i) is true;
- deadband(f) returns true if the current grid frequency is within a deadband around 50 Hz at which the technical specification of the market does not require any action to be taken.
5. Results
6. Discussion
- (1)
- An automated validation methodology has been presented, satisfying the various real-time performance requirements specified by a coalition of four European TSOs. This is offered as a benchmark to other researchers developing PFR applications. In order to repeat the procedure for a different type of energy resource, the user only needs to replace the ‘Distributed energy resources providing FCR-N’ and ‘Aggregator’ components of Figure 3;
- (2)
- The slowest permissible ramp rate for adjusting power consumption is identified. It is notable that each type of energy resource will have different dynamics which may differ from the LED luminaires studied in this article. However, once the reader has replaced the resource specific control logic, as discussed in bullet 1, the automated methodology presented in this paper can be used to perform the tests and identify the slowest permissible ramp rate for the type of energy resource being investigated. The result of our experiment was that reasonably parameterized PFR systems could fail the new PFR dynamic requirements, so the matter is of practical significance to designers and implementers;
- (3)
- The maximum allowable communication latency was identified experimentally in the case of LED lights that were adjusted immediately. It is notable that the outcome of the tests will also depend on the dynamics of the type of energy resource, and that other types of resources may adjust their power consumption more slowly than LED lights. Thus, once the reader has replaced the resource specific control logic, as discussed in bullet 1, the automated methodology presented in this paper can be used to perform the tests and identify maximum allowable communication latency for the type of resource in question. The result of our experiment was that in some circumstances, the dynamic performance requirements can fail with latencies that have been reported in the literature for NB-IoT systems.
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- Development and implementation proposals can be rejected without investing money to development and research, if research has determined that a proposed novel PFR application cannot meet all PFR real-time requirements;
- (2)
- Experts on the specific type of energy resource can be consulted in the research phase, to determine whether or not the proposed control actions are too rapid from the perspective of premature wearing out of the resource;
- (3)
- Experts on user comfort and user acceptance can be consulted in the research phase to determine whether or not control actions will be perceived as being too abrupt by users;
- (4)
- Investment into further development is much more likely if a credible research setup has not revealed fatal problems with respect to bullets 1–3. Development resources can be allocated to overcome any minor problems identified with respect to bullets 1–3;
- (5)
- Communication technology requirements can be well understood in the research phase. This will guide the choice of a suitable communication technology in the development phase. The feasibility of the system, from the perspective of communications related cost and energy consumption, can thus be assessed before starting the development effort;
- (6)
- Implementers will need to prequalify their PFR system before PFR market participation is possible. This can be completed easily, using the automatic setup that has been used in the research and development phase. Any major problems that are found in the implementation phase are very costly for the development effort, if fundamental redesign is needed to meet regulatory requirements. The opportunity to automatically validate the system in research and development phases is expected to significantly mitigate this risk.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Karhula, N.; Sierla, S.; Vyatkin, V. Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves. Energies 2021, 14, 6914. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216914
Karhula N, Sierla S, Vyatkin V. Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves. Energies. 2021; 14(21):6914. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216914
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarhula, Niko, Seppo Sierla, and Valeriy Vyatkin. 2021. "Validating the Real-Time Performance of Distributed Energy Resources Participating on Primary Frequency Reserves" Energies 14, no. 21: 6914. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14216914