Optimal Bi-Level Scheduling Method of Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services of Aggregators with Conditional Value-at-Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- The optimisation method has taken into account the risk of loss of revenue due to lack of vehicle charging capacity to provide service and EV battery degradation, and the CVaR was used to mitigate the uncertainties. (CVaR, also known as expected shortfall, was originally used to evaluate the market and credit risk of investment portfolios [22,23]).
- (2)
- A preferred operating point will be suggested within the ancillary capacity, with consideration of the onsite renewable generation and the above risk.
2. Bi-Level Scheduling Method for Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services
2.1. Upper-Level Problem
2.2. Lower-Level Problem
2.3. Uncertainties Study Methodology
2.4. Profit Risk Management of Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Stations
2.5. The System Adjustment Signal of Aggregator
3. Solution to the Bi-Level Problem
4. Case Study
4.1. Electricity Spot Price Data
4.2. Application of a BASIC Bi-Level Service Scheduling Method
4.3. Uncertainties of EV Charging Behavior
4.4. The Different Result of Peak Time and Workdays
4.5. Conditional Risk Sensitivity Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Symbol | Mean | Standard Deviation | Max | Min |
---|---|---|---|---|
Initial State of Charge (%) | 50 | 20 | 70 | 20 |
Arrive time (h) | 8 | 4 | 14 | 6 |
Departure time (h) | 16 | 4 | 24 | 12 |
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Wang, Y.; Jia, Z.; Li, J.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, R. Optimal Bi-Level Scheduling Method of Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services of Aggregators with Conditional Value-at-Risk. Energies 2021, 14, 7015. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217015
Wang Y, Jia Z, Li J, Zhang X, Zhang R. Optimal Bi-Level Scheduling Method of Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services of Aggregators with Conditional Value-at-Risk. Energies. 2021; 14(21):7015. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217015
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yilu, Zixuan Jia, Jianing Li, Xiaoping Zhang, and Ray Zhang. 2021. "Optimal Bi-Level Scheduling Method of Vehicle-to-Grid and Ancillary Services of Aggregators with Conditional Value-at-Risk" Energies 14, no. 21: 7015. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14217015