Assessment of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Diversity for the Integrated Production of Bioethanol and Grains
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Plant Material, Growth Conditions, and Phenotypic Traits
2.2. Lignin Klason Analysis
2.3. Secondary Cell Wall Yield and Isolation
2.4. Uronic Acids and Total Sugars Measurements
2.5. GC Method for Measurement of Hemicellulose Sugar Contents of Biomass
2.6. Anthrone Method for Cellulose Content Measurement
2.7. Enzymatic Hydrolysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Phenotypic Traits
3.2. Biochemical Characterization of Cell Wall
3.3. Effect of the Lignin Content on Saccharification Efficiency
Genotype | Saccharification | S L−1 |
---|---|---|
(%) | ||
SSD 240 | 16.9 a | 0.093 |
SARAGOLLA | 16.8 a | 0.095 |
SSD 283 | 16.8 a | 0.091 |
SSD 7 | 15.7 ab | 0.089 |
SSD 411 | 15.1 abc | 0.071 |
CAPPELLI | 14.9 abc | 0.08 |
SSD 180 | 14.5 abc | 0.063 |
SSD 69 | 12.8 bc | 0.066 |
SSD 467 | 12.5 c | 0.065 |
SSD 96 | 12.3 c | 0.058 |
3.4. Analysis of the Relationships among Cell Wall Polysaccharides, Lignin, Hydrolysis, and Saccharification Yield
Lignin | Glucose Released | Saccharif. | Ara | Xyl | Cell. | Uronic Acids | Culm Length | Biomass Weight | Grain Yield | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lignin | 0 | 0.010 | 0.121 | 0.393 | 0.422 | 0.503 | 0.003 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.015 |
Glucose released | −0.460 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.353 | 0.421 | 0.135 | 0.023 | 0.005 | 0.105 | 0.119 |
Saccharification | −0.290 | 0.900 | 0 | 0.137 | 0.596 | 0.113 | 0.418 | 0.038 | 0.562 | 0.450 |
Arabinose | 0.160 | −0.180 | −0.280 | 0 | 0.029 | 0.717 | 0.590 | 0.758 | 0.860 | 0.219 |
Xylose | 0.150 | −0.150 | −0.090 | 0.400 | 0 | 0.126 | 0.502 | 0.041 | 0.039 | 0.380 |
Cellulose | 0.130 | 0.280 | 0.300 | −0.070 | −0.290 | 0 | 0.324 | 0.319 | 0.662 | 0.038 |
Uronic acids | −0.520 | 0.410 | 0.150 | 0.100 | −0.130 | −0.190 | 0 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.008 |
Culm length | −0.510 | 0.500 | 0.380 | −0.060 | −0.370 | 0.190 | 0.530 | 0 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Biomass weight | −0.560 | 0.300 | 0.110 | 0.030 | −0.380 | 0.090 | 0.470 | 0.670 | 0 | 0.000 |
Grain yield | −0.440 | 0.290 | 0.140 | 0.230 | −0.170 | 0.380 | 0.480 | 0.670 | 0.750 | 0 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SSD Entry | Origin |
---|---|
7 | Portugal |
69 | Morocco |
96 | Azerbaijan |
180 | India |
240 | Ethiopia |
283 | France |
411 | Greece |
467 | Greece |
CAPPELLI | Italy |
SARAGOLLA | Italy |
Genotype | Size | Culm Length (H) | Biomass Weight (B) | Kernel Yield (K) |
---|---|---|---|---|
(cm) | (g Plant−1) | (g Plant−1) | ||
SSD 7 | L | 153.1 (±7.56) | 69.6 b | 42.9 a |
CAPPELLI | L | 152.2 (±7.07) | 53.9 c | 29.6 bcd |
SSD 283 | L | 150.3 (±6.60) | 69.6 b | 35.6 ab |
SSD 69 | M | 145.0 (±8.29) | 69.3 b | 32.2 bc |
SARAGOLLA | M | 138.3 (±8.14) | 91.0 a | 31.8 bc |
SSD 467 | M | 120.4 (±6.24) | 31.2 de | 26.0 bcd |
SSD 411 | M | 116.5 (±8.90) | 26.8 ef | 22.4 cde |
SSD 96 | S | 110.0 (±6.55) | 44.9 cd | 34.2 ab |
SSD 240 | S | 98.0 (±4.11) | 25.3 ef | 20.0 de |
SSD 180 | S | 95.2 (±6.32) | 14.1 f | 14.0 e |
Genotype | AIR | Cellulose | Uronic Acids | Lignin |
---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (mg g−1) | (mg g−1) | (mg g−1) | |
SSD 7 | 83.1 | 234.4 cd | 115.0 ab | 176.7 b |
SSD 69 | 81.6 | 187.5 d | 96.1 bc | 194.4 ab |
SSD 96 | 81.8 | 347.3 a | 88.3 cd | 211.9 ab |
SSD 180 | 81.9 | 259.1 c | 75.4 d | 230.1 a |
SSD 240 | 77.5 | 183.7 d | 98.6 bc | 182.2 ab |
SSD 283 | 78.6 | 327.9 ab | 112.1 ab | 185.4 ab |
SSD 411 | 78.7 | 274.5 bc | 104.5 bc | 212.9 ab |
SSD 467 | 80.6 | 189.5 d | 104.2 bc | 194.1 ab |
CAPPELLI | 69.9 | 368.1 a | 89.8 cd | 185.8 ab |
SARAGOLLA | 89.4 | 220.3 cd | 127.3 a | 177.5 b |
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Danzi, D.; Marino, I.; De Bari, I.; Mastrolitti, S.; Petretto, G.L.; Pignone, D.; Janni, M.; Cellini, F.; Venditti, T. Assessment of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Diversity for the Integrated Production of Bioethanol and Grains. Energies 2021, 14, 7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227735
Danzi D, Marino I, De Bari I, Mastrolitti S, Petretto GL, Pignone D, Janni M, Cellini F, Venditti T. Assessment of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Diversity for the Integrated Production of Bioethanol and Grains. Energies. 2021; 14(22):7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227735
Chicago/Turabian StyleDanzi, Donatella, Ivana Marino, Isabella De Bari, Silvio Mastrolitti, Giacomo L. Petretto, Domenico Pignone, Michela Janni, Francesco Cellini, and Tullio Venditti. 2021. "Assessment of Durum Wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) Genotypes Diversity for the Integrated Production of Bioethanol and Grains" Energies 14, no. 22: 7735. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227735