Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background Theory
2.1. Hybrid Power Generation
2.2. Diesel Power Plant (DPP) System
2.3. Photovoltaic (PV) Power Plant System
2.4. Power Storage System
2.5. Power Flow Analysis and Short Circuit Ratio (SCR)
2.6. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) and Electric Production Cost (EPC)
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Karimunjawa Island
3.2. Power System Model and Scenario
4. Result and Discussion
4.1. Daily Load Characteristic in Karimunjawa Island
4.2. Solar Energy Potential in Karimunjawa Island
4.3. Wind Energy Potential in Karimunjawa Island
IEC Wind Classes | I (High Wind) (m/s) | II (Medium Wind) (m/s) | III (Low Wind) (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|
Reference Wind Speed | 50 | 42.5 | 37.5 |
Annual Average Wind Speed (Max) | 10 | 8.5 | 7.5 |
50-year Return Gust | 70 | 59.5 | 52.5 |
1-year Return Gust | 52.5 | 44.6 | 39.4 |
4.4. Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and Electric Production Cost (EPC) System
4.5. System Response Analysis vs. Irradiation Reduction
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
Symbol | Description | Unit |
EDEG | A diesel generator’s hourly energy output | Wh |
PDEG | a rate of power output | Watt |
ηDEG | the diesel generator efficiency | % |
EPVG | The daily energy in hourly that produced from solar radiation | Wh |
G(t) | the hourly irradiance in | kWh/m2 |
P | PV penetration level factor | |
A | the surface area | m2 |
ηPVG | The efficiency of PV generator | % |
λ | solar radiation | |
c | speed of light = 299,792,458 | (m/s) |
h | Constanta Planck = 6.62607015×10−34 J⋅s | Joule. second |
E | photon energy | Joule |
EPVG-IN(t) | the hourly energy output from the inverter | kWh |
EPVG(t) | the hourly energy output of the PV | kW |
ηINV | the efficiency of the inverter | % |
EBAT-INV(t) | the hourly energy output from the inverter | kWh |
EBAT(t − 1) | the energy stored in a battery at hour t − 1 | kWh |
ELOAD(t) | the hourly energy consumed by the load side | kWh |
the efficiency of the inverter | % | |
The battery discharging efficiency | % | |
battery capacity | Ah | |
I | Current capacity | A |
t | duration of operation | hour |
Ek | the energy needed by consumers | Watt |
V | Nominal voltage | VDC |
Power Factor | ||
the battery discharging efficiency | % | |
the efficiency of the inverter | % | |
max current limit on current breaker module response | A | |
Interconnect point apparent power capacity | MVA | |
interconnect generator active power capacity | MW | |
LCOE | Levelized Cost of Energy | |
EPC | Electric Production Cost | |
It | investment in year t | USD |
Mt | operating and maintenance costs in year t | USD |
Ft | fuel cost in year t | USD |
Et | the electrical energy produced in year t | Wh |
r | discount rate | |
n | system operational period | Year |
Total PV module | Unit | |
Total number of PV module | Unit | |
Number of strings | Unit | |
Number of arrays | Unit | |
converter output voltage | Volt | |
maximum output voltage of the solar panel | Volt | |
Vu | DC voltage to obtain AC voltage | Volt |
Ma | constanta of inverter modulastio index | % |
PA | power produced by one array | Watt |
Pstring | string power | Watt |
PVArea | Solar field area requirements | Watt |
APV | area of PV modules | m2 |
PV performance drop | % | |
PPV | PV power | Watt |
m | power drop gradient | MW/s |
Vw | wind speed around PV | m/s |
a | PV field area | m2 |
clearness index | % | |
R2 | coefficient of determination | |
Irr(monthly) | monthly solar irradiation | kWh/m2/day |
daily solar irradiation | % | |
VWIND | rate of wind speed | m/s |
Appendix A
Appendix B
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Total Load (MW) | PV Field Area (m2) | PV System (MW) | Battery (MAh) | DPP System (MW) | LCOE ($/kWh) | V Wind (m/s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1.41 | 11.300 | 0.99 | 4.1 | 2 × 2.7 | 257.770 | 18 |
No | Item | Value | Contribution (%) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | It = Investation (USD) | 288.33 | 96.76% |
2 | Mt = OM Cost (USD) | 9.59 | 3.22% |
3 | Ft = Fuel cost (USD) | 51 | 0.02% |
4 | Et = Energy produced (MWh) | 966.47 | 100% |
Penetration (%) | LCOE = EPC ($/MWh) |
---|---|
10 | 299.554 |
20 | 294.911 |
30 | 290.269 |
40 | 285.626 |
50 | 280.983 |
60 | 276.340 |
70 | 271.697 |
80 | 265.827 |
90 | 261.184 |
100 | 257.770 |
Substation | Ib (kA) |
---|---|
Legon Bajak | 0.65173 |
Time | Load (kW) | PV (kW) | DPP (kW) | Batt Charge (kW) | Batt Discharge (kW) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0:00 | 1126 | 0 | 1126 | 0 | 0 |
1:00 | 1105 | 0 | 1105 | 0 | 0 |
2:00 | 1052 | 0 | 1052 | 0 | 0 |
3:00 | 1031 | 0 | 1031 | 0 | 0 |
4:00 | 1044 | 0 | 1044 | 0 | 0 |
5:00 | 1104 | 0 | 1104 | 0 | 1104 |
6:00 | 1152 | 310 | 0 | 0 | 1178.8 |
7:00 | 1004 | 846 | 0 | 0 | 1027 |
8:00 | 995 | 995 | 0 | 353 | 1000 |
9:00 | 976 | 976 | 0 | 745 | 0 |
10:00 | 942 | 942 | 0 | 1013 | 0 |
11:00 | 936 | 936 | 0 | 1054 | 0 |
12:00 | 949 | 949 | 0 | 964 | 0 |
13:00 | 985 | 985 | 0 | 746 | 0 |
14:00 | 974 | 974 | 0 | 421 | 0 |
15:00 | 934 | 934 | 0 | 11 | 950 |
16:00 | 926 | 423 | 0 | 0 | 950 |
17:00 | 1003 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1003 |
18:00 | 1367 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1367 |
19:00 | 1422 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1422 |
20:00 | 1377 | 0 | 1377 | 0 | 1390 |
21:00 | 1351 | 0 | 1351 | 0 | 0 |
22:00 | 1264 | 0 | 1264 | 0 | 0 |
23:00 | 1195 | 0 | 1195 | 0 | 0 |
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Hiron, N.; Busaeri, N.; Sutisna, S.; Nurmela, N.; Sambas, A. Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia. Energies 2021, 14, 8311. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248311
Hiron N, Busaeri N, Sutisna S, Nurmela N, Sambas A. Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia. Energies. 2021; 14(24):8311. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248311
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiron, Nurul, Nundang Busaeri, Sutisna Sutisna, Nurmela Nurmela, and Aceng Sambas. 2021. "Design of Hybrid (PV-Diesel) System for Tourist Island in Karimunjawa Indonesia" Energies 14, no. 24: 8311. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248311