Directional Hydraulic Fracturing (DHF) of the Roof, as an Element of Rock Burst Prevention in the Light of Underground Observations and Numerical Modelling
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- —rock mass pressure based on the depth, exploitation events, geological disturbances,
- —tension strength of rocks in the plane of the created fracture
2. Examples of Using Directional Hydraulic Fracturing of the Roof at PGG S.A. Unit KWK ROW Ruch Rydultowy Coal Mine Within Longwall II-E1, Coal Seam 713/1-2
- Compressive strength of roof rocks: 40.9: 79.0 MPa
- Compressive strength of floor rocks: 38.4: 48.0 MPa
- Compressive strength of coal in seam 713/1-2: 14.20 MPa.
- The number of shocks for each row from 102–108 J
- The monthly number of shocks
- Monthly summary energy
- Monthly summary energy divided by the monthly production volume
- Maximum energy of a single shock
- The maximum daily progress during the start-up period was 4 m per day, and on the remaining length it was 6 m per day.
- Areas of specific risk of rock bursts have been designated: in longwall galleries, i.e., gallery 1a-E1 and 2-E1, as well as on sections of wall II-E1 with individual support.
- Constant seismological observation was carried out.
- Seismic and acoustic observation was carried out using two geophones fitted into the longwall galleries before the face of the wall.
- Each day, small-diameter survey drillings were performed: in three measuring belts in the wall and in two measuring belts in longwall galleries (15 m and 30 m before the face of the wall).
3. Analyzing the Behavior of the Rock Mass Subjected to Hydraulic Fracturing Based on Numerical Modeling
- Stiffness in normal direction—108 GPa/m
- Shear stiffness—43 GPa/m
- Cohesion—0,8 MPa
- Tensile strength—0,2 MPa
- Friction angle—30°
- Dilatation angle—0°
- —shear stress
- —limit value of shear stress
- C—Cohesion
- —friction angle
- —kinetic energy of all gridpoints
- —mass of grid point i
- —velocity at grid point i
- —number of grid points
4. Summary and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Month | Monthly Progress, m | Length Left, m | Number of Shocks of Energy: | Monthly Summary Energy, J | I = E/W, J/t | E Max, J | E/Progress, J/m | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
102 J | 103 J | 104 J | 105 J | 106 J | 107 J | 108 J | Total | |||||||
II | 10.3 | 578 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0 × 100 | 0.0 | 0.0 × 100 | 0.0 × 100 |
III | 92.3 | 568 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.3 × 102 | 0.0 | 6.3 × 102 | 6.8 × 100 |
IV | 78.3 | 492 | 4 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1.8 × 104 | 0.5 | 1.5 × 104 | 2.3 × 102 |
V | 51.3 | 438 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1.3 × 103 | 0.0 | 1.3 × 103 | 2.5 × 101 |
VI | 58.5 | 383 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 2.5 × 105 | 6.0 | 1.6 × 105 | 4.3 × 103 |
VII | 104.3 | 279 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 15 | 3.2 × 106 | 45.2 | 1.9 × 106 | 3.1 × 104 |
VIII | 71.0 | 210 | 13 | 28 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 45 | 1.5 × 105 | 3.3 | 3.1 × 104 | 2.1 × 103 |
IX | 74.5 | 136 | 8 | 16 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 27 | 2.0 × 107 | 399.3 | 2.0 × 107 | 2.7 × 105 |
X | 92.0 | 44 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 4.2 × 105 | 7.8 | 3.1 × 105 | 4.6 × 103 |
XI | 43.0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2.9 × 105 | 0.0 | 2.9 × 105 | 6.7 × 103 |
Total: | 39 | 57 | 10 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 112 | 2.4 × 107 | - | 2.0 × 107 | - |
Month | Monthly Progress, m | Length Left, m | Number of Shocks of Energy: | Monthly Summary Energy, J | I = E/W, J/t | E Max, J | E/Progress, J/m | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
102 J | 103 J | 104 J | 105 J | 106 J | 107 J | 108 J | Total | |||||||
III | 16.3 | 646 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6.7 × 102 | 0.1 | 6.7 × 102 | 4.1 × 101 |
IV | 93.5 | 552 | 3 | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 2.6 × 105 | 4.8 | 8.5 × 103 | 2.8 × 103 |
V | 123.0 | 429 | 42 | 23 | 10 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 77 | 6.8 × 106 | 71.9 | 3.4 × 106 | 5.5 × 104 |
VI | 111.8 | 318 | 28 | 32 | 24 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 89 | 2.0 × 107 | 279.3 | 7.9 × 106 | 1.8 × 105 |
VII | 58.5 | 259 | 13 | 10 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 4.3 × 105 | 23.3 | 9.0 × 104 | 1.5 × 104 |
Total: | 87 | 74 | 43 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 212 | 2.7 × 107 | - | 1.2 × 107 | - |
Month | Monthly Progress, m | Length Left, m | Number of Shocks of Energy: | Monthly Summary Energy, J | I = E/W, J/t | E Max, J | E/Progress, J/m | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
102 J | 103 J | 104 J | 105 J | 106 J | 107 J | 108 J | Total | |||||||
VII | 58.5 | 259 | 26 | 29 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 66 | 8.6 × 105 | 23.3 | 9.0 × 104 | 1.5 × 104 |
VIII | 70 | 189 | 51 | 50 | 17 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 122 | 4.2 × 106 | 72.1 | 3.3 × 105 | 6.0 × 104 |
IX | 76 | 113 | 68 | 98 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 179 | 6.6 × 105 | 15.0 | 3.3 × 104 | 8.7 × 103 |
X | 73.25 | 39.75 | 30 | 69 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 113 | 4.9 × 105 | 12.0 | 6.2 × 104 | 6.7 × 103 |
XI | 40 | −0.25 | 16 | 20 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 38 | 8.9 × 105 | 31.1 | 3.1 × 105 | 2.2 × 104 |
Total: | 191 | 266 | 56 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 518 | 7.10 × 106 | - | 1.2 × 107 | - |
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Jendryś, M.; Hadam, A.; Ćwiękała, M. Directional Hydraulic Fracturing (DHF) of the Roof, as an Element of Rock Burst Prevention in the Light of Underground Observations and Numerical Modelling. Energies 2021, 14, 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030562
Jendryś M, Hadam A, Ćwiękała M. Directional Hydraulic Fracturing (DHF) of the Roof, as an Element of Rock Burst Prevention in the Light of Underground Observations and Numerical Modelling. Energies. 2021; 14(3):562. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030562
Chicago/Turabian StyleJendryś, Marek, Andrzej Hadam, and Mateusz Ćwiękała. 2021. "Directional Hydraulic Fracturing (DHF) of the Roof, as an Element of Rock Burst Prevention in the Light of Underground Observations and Numerical Modelling" Energies 14, no. 3: 562. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14030562