1. Introduction
The harmful substances emitted from coal-fired power plants are mainly composed of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), and particulate matter. To reduce the concentration of these harmful substances, coal-fired power plants utilize denitrification and desulfurization facilities and dust collectors.
Most plants adopt a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system or a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system for denitrification. Although the SNCR system is cheaper than the SCR system, its reduction reaction is less stable, and it has a lower reduction capacity. To comply with recently reinforced environmental regulations, most large thermal power plants use the SCR system [
1].
The SCR method is presented in
Figure 1. The nitrogen oxides (NO
x) of the exhaust gas, which has been evenly mixed with the ammonia (NH
3) emitted from the ammonia injection grid (AIG), is decomposed into nitrogen and water through a chemical reaction in the catalyst layer, as expressed in the following equation:
NH3 acts as a reducing agent in the above reaction. Large power plants, however, use an anhydrous ammonia and urea solution as the reducing agent. Various factors, such as the shape, type, and amount of catalyst, temperature of the incoming gas, and flow distribution, affect the denitrification performance of the SCR system. Among them, the uniformity of the flow distribution at the inlet of the catalyst layer plays a critical role in determining the reduction efficiency of the reactor. If the flow distribution of the exhaust gas is not uniform at the inlet of the SCR catalyst layer, the NOx removal efficiency of the denitrification catalyst is reduced.
The distance between the catalyst and the AIG nozzles affects the uniformity of the exhaust gas as well. If this distance is sufficiently large, the concentration of the NH
3/NO mixture becomes uniform owing to the diffusion and convection of the exhaust gas. However, most of the current SCR facilities do not have sufficient space to ensure that the residence time of gases is enough to obtain a uniform concentration. Therefore, the improper injection of NH
3 might cause the undesirable phenomenon of ammonia slip wherein some of the NH
3 and NO
x pass through the denitrification reactor without reduction. As a result, the residual SO
3 in the flue gas and the remaining NH
3 react with each other to produce ammonium sulfate (ABS), which corrodes the surfaces of the facilities installed in the rear of the SCR system [
2].
As most of the toxic substances emitted from combined thermal power plants are nitrogen oxides, an SCR system is installed in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to remove these substances from the flue gas emitted from gas turbines. Computational techniques have been adopted to analyze the flow field characteristics to improve the mixing ratio of NH
3 and NO
x. Kim and Lee [
3] studied the optimization of the injection rate and the nozzle arrangement of AIG. Chung et al. [
4] numerically investigated the NH
3/NO mixing ratio with respect to the arrangement of the AIG injection nozzle. Seo et al. [
5] conducted a computational analysis of the non-uniform flow patterns of the exhaust gases to design an AIG that provides sufficient flow control. Seo and Chang [
6] studied the effect of the nozzle arrangement and the injection angles on flow uniformity using CFD tools. Park et al. [
7] analyzed the effect of the baffle shape on the uniformity of the NH
3/NO molar ratio. Yu. et al. [
8] and Buzanowski et al. [
9] used computational analyses to verify that the uniformity of the velocity and concentration of the NH
3/NO
x mixture at the inlet of the catalyst layers is strongly related to the efficiency of the denitrification process.
Park [
10] studied the correlation between the NO
x concentration of the inflow gas and the performance of the denitrification facility in combined thermal power plants driven by natural gas. It has been reported that the emission of NH
3 and the formation of ABS in the rear facility is significantly reduced by automatically controlling the amount of NH
3 injected into the AIG piping system [
11].
The SCR denitrification facilities installed in coal-fired power plants have a somewhat complex structure owing to the refraction and diffusion of the flow inside the system. Thus, the design factors of the SCR system, which influence the overall performance of the system, are more in number than those of the HRSG. Zhu et al. [
12] and Zhao et al. [
13] investigated the performance optimization of the denitrification systems installed in large-scale coal-fired power plants. Zhao et al. [
14] predicted the flow characteristics at the inlet of the catalyst layer using computational analysis techniques. Lee [
15] studied the flow and mixing characteristics of NH
3/NO around the turning-and-diffusing part of the denitrification facility installed in a 500 MW coal-fired power plant in Samcheonpo city, South Korea. Oh [
16] used computational simulations to improve the performance of the existing denitrification facilities. Xu et al. [
17] applied a computational technique to redesign the denitrification facility in a 300 MW coal-fired power plant and reported improvements in the flow uniformity and the NH
3/NO mixing ratio. Liu et al. [
18] and Li et al. [
19] applied an optimization technique to improve the mixing ratio of NH
3/NO for large-scale thermal power plants by controlling the AIG injection valves.
As environmental regulations are being tightened, researchers and industrialists are seeking technologies to improve the performance of existing facilities [
20]. The present study aims to improve the operating conditions of ammonia injection grids according to the inlet NO
x distribution in the denitrification facilities of the SCR system in an existing large-scale coal-fired power plant using CFD tools. This is achieved by optimizing the mixing ratio of NH
3/NO at the inlet of the catalyst layers by controlling the injection amount of NH
3 according to the pattern of NO distribution in the inlet flue gas.
4. Conclusions
Numerical simulations were performed to investigate the effect of flow control of ammonia through the injection nozzles on the performance of the denitrification process by analyzing the NH3/NO slip conditions. Three injection techniques, namely, constant injection, adjusted injection, and optimized injection, were analyzed and compared in the present study.
The improvement in the denitrification performance can be observed through the reduction in the values of the RMS of the NH3/NO molar ratio at the inlet of the catalyst layer. The RMS values were reduced by 84.6%, 89.6%, 84.6%, and 90.1% for the parabolic, upper-skewed, lower-skewed, and random profiles, respectively.
The uniformity of the molar ratio of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide can be significantly improved by controlling the flow rate of NH3 using the optimization techniques discussed herein. The results of this study will be useful in improving the performance of denitrification facilities and preventing the damage caused to the rear facility by the formation of ammonia sulfate.