Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. The Elemental Analysis
2.2. The Proximate Analysis
2.3. The Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
2.4. The Modelling Procedure
- Identification of the automotive waste average composition,
- Calculation of the raw pyrolysis process products,
- Determination of the dry pyrolytic gas composition, and
- Evaluation of the pyrolytic gases combustible properties.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Automotive Refuse Derived Fuel Characteristics
3.2. TGA Analysis
3.3. Numerical Calculation of Pyrolysis Process
4. Conclusions
- the large amount of ash in the proximate analysis proves that there was a large share of fillers in the tested samples;
- around 70% of the mass of the tested samples underwent thermal decomposition mainly in three stages at temperatures ranges of about 280, 470, and 670 °C;
- the mass of solid residue grew with increases in the heating rate levels;
- the highest calorific values of the dry pyrolytic gas corresponded to the moderate pyrolysis process temperatures (700–800 °C), which is a result of the peak value of the hydrocarbon share—15 wt% of C1–C3; and
- the averaged adiabatic flame temperature was 2057 °C, which is 94 °C greater than in the case of methane combustion, while the mean value for the laminar flame speed was 0.84 m/s due to the high volumetric share of hydrogen in the obtained dry gas fuel.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
A | ash |
ASR DAF | automobile shredder residue dry ash free |
DTG DG | differential thermogravimetric analysis dry gas |
HHV | high heating value |
IR | infrared detector |
LHV P | low heating value product (raw pyrolysis product) |
PA | polyamide |
PBT | polybutylene terephthalate |
PE | polyethylene |
PET | polyethylene terephthalate |
PMC | polymer matrix composites |
PP | polypropylene |
PUR | polyurethane |
PVC | polyvinyl |
RDF SL | refuse delivered fuels laminar flame speed |
SMC | sheet moulding compound |
TG TAD | thermogravimetric analysis adiabatic flame temperature |
VM | volatile matter |
W | moisture |
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Physical Properties | Type of Polymer | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PVC | PA6 | PA 6.6 | PP | PBT | PUR | PS | |
High Heating Value [MJ/kg] | 23.9 | 26.5 | n/a | 44.1 | 15.7 | 31.6 | 40.4 |
Density [g/cm3] | 1.5 | 1.13 | 1.14 | 0.91 | 1.35 | 1.51 | 1.04 |
Degradation temperature @1atm [°C] | 260 | 200 | 200 | 445 | 420 | 592 | 300 |
Melting point [°C] | 302 | 220 | 269 | 163 | 323 | n/a | 340 |
ASR Fuel | Gross Calorific Value [MJ/kg] | Ultimate Analysis [wt%] | Proximate Analysis [wt%] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C 1 | H 1 | N 1 | Moisture | Ash | Volatiles | ||
Sample 1 | 23.5 ± 0.6 | 41.4 | 5.4 | 24.1 | 0.84 ± 0.06 | 26.7 ± 1.1 | 66.3 ± 0.3 |
Sample 2 | 43.1 | 5.7 | 37.8 | ||||
Sample 3 | 41.6 | 5.5 | 28.2 |
ASR Fuel | Ultimate Analysis [wt%] | Proximate Analysis [wt%] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | H | N | O | Moisture | Ash | Volatiles | |
ASR 1 | 42.03 | 5.52 | 0.30 | 20.27 | 0.84 | 26.70 | 66.30 |
ASR 2 [26] | 60.26 | 5.37 | 0.44 | 11.37 | 1.57 | 22.20 | 71.19 |
Pyrolysis Temperature [°C] | Raw Product Gas Composition [wt%] | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
H2 | H2O | CO | CO2 | CH4 | C2H6 | C2H4 | C2H2 | C3H8 | C4H10 | C6+ | (C6H6) | |
600 | 2.1 | 8.3 | 35.3 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 1.9 | 2.4 | 31.9 | 15.4 |
700 | 1.8 | 8.0 | 36.8 | 2.4 | 6.1 | 1.6 | 3.1 | 2.1 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 29.9 | 15.1 |
800 | 2.0 | 7.2 | 38.9 | 2.3 | 7.1 | 1.1 | 5.0 | 1.3 | 0.5 | - | 30.6 | 14.4 |
900 | 2.9 | 4.9 | 42.5 | 2.4 | 6.2 | 0.5 | 5.1 | 1.0 | - | - | 30.3 | 11.9 |
1000 | 3.9 | 2.9 | 46.7 | 1.6 | 4.8 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 1.5 | - | - | 32.0 | 7.9 |
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Ślefarski, R.; Jójka, J.; Czyżewski, P.; Gołębiewski, M.; Jankowski, R.; Markowski, J.; Magdziarz, A. Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products. Energies 2021, 14, 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061779
Ślefarski R, Jójka J, Czyżewski P, Gołębiewski M, Jankowski R, Markowski J, Magdziarz A. Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products. Energies. 2021; 14(6):1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061779
Chicago/Turabian StyleŚlefarski, Rafał, Joanna Jójka, Paweł Czyżewski, Michał Gołębiewski, Radosław Jankowski, Jarosław Markowski, and Aneta Magdziarz. 2021. "Experimental and Numerical-Driven Prediction of Automotive Shredder Residue Pyrolysis Pathways toward Gaseous Products" Energies 14, no. 6: 1779. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14061779