Characterization and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Fuels
2.2. Gas Chromatography Analysis
2.3. Experimental Setup and Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Test Fuels
3.1.1. Chemical Compositions
3.1.2. Chemical and Physical Properties of the Test Fuels
3.2. Engine Tests
3.2.1. Engine Performance
3.2.2. Combustion Characteristics
3.2.3. Emission Characteristics
4. Conclusions
- A lower cetane index and a higher percentage of long chain carbon compounds (C12–C20) resulted in higher NOx, CO, and HC emissions caused by the combustion of WPO.
- The disadvantage of emissions by the use of WPO can be alleviated when the engine operates at a high engine operating load and a high compression ratio.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Nomenclature
BSFC | brake-specific fuel consumption |
BTE | brake thermal efficiency |
CO | carbon monoxide |
CWPO | crude waste plastic oil |
CR | compression ratio |
GC–MS | gas chromatography–mass spectrometry |
HC | hydrocarbon |
ICP | in-cylinder pressure |
NO | nitric oxide |
NO2 | nitrogen dioxide |
NOX | nitrogen oxides |
RoHR | rate of heat release |
TDC | top dead center |
VCR | variable compression ratio |
WPO | distilled waste plastic oil |
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Diesel Engine Specifications | Types of Fuel | Performance | Combustion | Emissions | Ref. | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BSFC | BTE | ICP | RoHR | NOX | CO | HC | Smoke | |||
AKSA-A4CRX46TI, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, 68 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | - | [14] | ||||||
Kirloskar AV1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | [16] | ||||||||
AKSA1-A4CRX46TI, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, 68 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | [17] | ||||||||
4JA1, DI, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, 68 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | [18] | ||||||||
Kirloskar TAF1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | - | - | [19] | |||||
Eicher E483, DI, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, Max. Power 70 kW | WPO | [20] | ||||||||
Kirloskar TV1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 5.2 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | - | [21] | ||||||
DI, Turbocharger, 4-cylinder in line T/C, 4-stroke, 70 kW | WPO | - | [22] | |||||||
DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | - | - | - | - | [23] | |||
Lombardini-Kohler FOCS 1.4, IDI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, | WPO | - | - | - | [24] | |||||
Kirloskar TAF1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | - | [25] | ||||||
AKSA-A4CRX46TI, 4-cylinder, 4-stroke, 68 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO | - | [26] | |||||||
DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.7 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO-RME | - | - | - | - | [27] | ||||
Kirloskar TV1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 3.5 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO-POME WPO-COME | [28] | ||||||||
Kirloskar TAF1, DI, 1-cylinder, 4-stroke, 4.4 kW at 1500 rpm | WPO-BU | - | - | [29] |
Parameter | Measuring Techniques | Measuring Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
---|---|---|---|---|
TESTO 350 | ||||
NO | Chemiluminescence | 0–4000 ppm | 1 ppm | ±5 <100 ppm |
NO2 | Chemiluminescence | 0–500 ppm | 0.1 ppm | ±5 <100 ppm |
CO | Nondispersive Infrared | 0–10,000 ppm | 1 ppm | ±10 <200 ppm |
HC | Flame Ionization Detector | 0–40,000 ppm | 10 ppm | ±400 ppm |
TESTO 308 | ||||
Smoke index | Photodiode (filter paper) | 0–6 | 0.1 | ±0.2 |
Carbon Content | Diesel | CWPO | WPO |
---|---|---|---|
C4 | ND | 2.77 | ND |
C5 | ND | 0.84 | ND |
C6 | ND | 3.76 | ND |
C7 | ND | 5.38 | ND |
C8 | 2.54 | 34.02 | 1.03 |
C9 | 5.61 | 19.94 | 0.73 |
C10 | 5.23 | 28.49 | 2.28 |
C11 | 4.18 | 0.53 | 5.71 |
C12 | 7.08 | 0.75 | 9.78 |
C13 | 6.39 | ND | 10.08 |
C14 | 8.09 | ND | 11.03 |
C15 | 5.66 | 0.67 | 10.48 |
C16 | 5.95 | 0.19 | 8.71 |
C17 | 15.80 | 0.26 | 7.90 |
C18 | 4.30 | 0.32 | 8.88 |
C19 | 16.11 | 0.36 | 7.86 |
C20 | 3.90 | 0.24 | 8.10 |
C21 | 3.19 | 0.36 | 3.63 |
C22 | ND | 0.27 | 2.29 |
C23 | 2.36 | 0.20 | 1.08 |
C24 | ND | 0.19 | 0.43 |
C25 | 1.19 | 0.20 | ND |
C26 | 1.13 | 0.18 | ND |
C27 | 0.62 | ND | ND |
C28 | 0.34 | 0.08 | ND |
C29 | 0.33 | 0.08 | ND |
Carbon Content | Area Percentage | ||
---|---|---|---|
Diesel | CWPO | WPO | |
C4–C11 | 13.38 | 95.72 | 9.74 |
C12–C20 | 75.00 | 2.79 | 82.83 |
>C20 | 11.62 | 1.49 | 7.43 |
Properties | Test Method | Diesel | CWPO | WPO |
---|---|---|---|---|
Kinematic viscosity at 40 °C (cSt) | ASTM D445 | 3.44 | 1.66 | 3.11 |
Surface tension (mN/m) | ASTM D971 | - | 27.77 | 27.85 |
Specific gravity at 15.6 °C | ASTM D1298 | 0.835 | 0.900 | 0.824 |
Density at 15.6 °C (kg/m3) | ASTM D1298 | 834 | 899 | 823 |
Flash point (°C) | ASTM D93 | 66 | 35 | 54 |
Gross calorific value (MJ/kg) | ASTM D240 | 45.56 | 37.72 | 45.24 |
Cetane index | ASTM D976 | 56.57 | - | 46.7 |
Distillation temperature (°C) | ASTM D86 | |||
10% Recovered (°C) | ASTM D86 | 228 | 112 | 232 |
50% Recovered (°C) | ASTM D86 | 290 | 164 | 276 |
90% Recovered (°C) | ASTM D86 | 348 | 252 | 324 |
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Wathakit, K.; Sukjit, E.; Kaewbuddee, C.; Maithomklang, S.; Klinkaew, N.; Liplap, P.; Arjharn, W.; Srisertpol, J. Characterization and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine. Energies 2021, 14, 2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082230
Wathakit K, Sukjit E, Kaewbuddee C, Maithomklang S, Klinkaew N, Liplap P, Arjharn W, Srisertpol J. Characterization and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine. Energies. 2021; 14(8):2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082230
Chicago/Turabian StyleWathakit, Khatha, Ekarong Sukjit, Chalita Kaewbuddee, Somkiat Maithomklang, Niti Klinkaew, Pansa Liplap, Weerachai Arjharn, and Jiraphon Srisertpol. 2021. "Characterization and Impact of Waste Plastic Oil in a Variable Compression Ratio Diesel Engine" Energies 14, no. 8: 2230. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14082230