An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Energy Consumption and Electricity Generation
2.1.2. Water Use
2.1.3. Air Pollutants
2.1.4. Worker Safety and Employee
2.2. Modeling Approach
2.3. Data Quality and Control
3. Results
3.1. Water Use Estimates
3.2. Energy-Water Network
3.3. Social Impact Assessment of Electricity Generation in the Energy-Water Nexus
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Energy Source | WF | SE | Bias | n | CI 95% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Natural gas | 62.43 | 4.62 | −0.09 | 1576 | 53.46 | 71.57 |
Nuclear | 28.69 | 3.71 | −0.16 | 99 | 21.57 | 36.12 |
Petroleum | 98.12 | 44.51 | −1.99 | 38 | 12.86 | 187.35 |
Coal | 40.35 | 1.93 | 0.06 | 972 | 36.52 | 44.07 |
Biomass | 18.48 | 6.43 | 0.01 | 93 | 5.87 | 31.06 |
Solar | 3.74 | 0.16 | −0.01 | 14 | 3.43 | 4.07 |
Other | 268.88 | 50.32 | 1.53 | 13 | 168.73 | 365.97 |
Energy source | CF | SE | Bias | n | CI 95% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | |||||
Natural gas | 2.21 | 0.02 | * | 1610 | 2.17 | 2.25 |
Nuclear | 1.86 | 0.09 | * | 96 | 1.68 | 2.04 |
Petroleum | 1.79 | 0.48 | * | 40 | 0.84 | 2.74 |
Coal | 1.58 | 0.01 | * | 1004 | 1.55 | 1.61 |
Biomass | 3.31 | 0.64 | * | 96 | 2.06 | 4.58 |
Solar | 2.59 | 0.41 | −0.01 | 14 | 1.80 | 3.39 |
Other | 35.39 | 11.33 | 0.54 | 12 | 12.65 | 57.05 |
Year | Net Electricity Generated | Energy CF | Water CF | Water WF | CO2 | SO2 | NOx |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MWh | MMBTu/MWh | m3/MWh | m3/MWh | MT/MWh | MT/MWh | MT/MWh | |
2014 | 4,093,606,011 | 10.28 | 2.15 | 65.50 | 0.53 | 0.0008 | 0.0004 |
2015 | 4,077,600,941 | 10.12 | 2.16 | 65.30 | 0.49 | 0.0006 | 0.0004 |
2016 | 4,076,674,984 | 10.07 | 2.17 | 65.40 | 0.47 | 0.0004 | 0.0003 |
2017 | 4,034,270,561 | 10.06 | 2.17 | 65.50 | 0.46 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
2018 | 4,178,277,346 | 9.96 | 2.17 | 65.90 | 0.44 | 0.0003 | 0.0003 |
2019 | 4,126,882,155 | 9.78 | 2.17 | 65.70 | 0.41 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 |
Avg | 4,097,885,333 | 10.05 | 2.16 | 65.54 | 0.47 | 0.0004 | 0.0003 |
Year | NAICS 221 | NAICS 2211 | NAICS 22113 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emp. | Salary | Emp. | Salary | Emp. | Salary | |
2014 | 88,360 | USD 68,820 | 59,020 | USD 74,080 | 16,650 | USD 48,190 |
2015 | 85,240 | USD 70,900 | 55,240 | USD 76,950 | 16,770 | USD 48,640 |
2016 | 81,850 | USD 72,760 | 52,380 | USD 79,240 | 16,920 | USD 49,580 |
2017 | 78,500 | USD 74,370 | 49,920 | USD 81,430 | 16,820 | USD 49,570 |
2018 | 79,190 | USD 75,800 | 50,300 | USD 83,710 | 17,580 | USD 49,400 |
2019 | 77,180 | USD 77,270 | 77,180 | USD 77,270 | 18,770 | USD 51,870 |
Avg | 81,720 | USD 73,320 | 57,340 | USD 78,780 | 17,252 | USD 49,542 |
Emp./MW | USD/MW | Emp./MW | USD/MW | Emp./MW | USD/MW | |
2014 | 0.075 | USD 0.06 | 0.050 | USD 0.06 | 0.014 | USD 0.04 |
2015 | 0.073 | USD 0.06 | 0.047 | USD 0.07 | 0.014 | USD 0.04 |
2016 | 0.070 | USD 0.06 | 0.044 | USD 0.07 | 0.014 | USD 0.04 |
2017 | 0.066 | USD 0.06 | 0.042 | USD 0.07 | 0.014 | USD 0.04 |
2018 | 0.066 | USD 0.06 | 0.042 | USD 0.07 | 0.015 | USD 0.04 |
2019 | 0.064 | USD 0.06 | 0.064 | USD 0.06 | 0.016 | USD 0.04 |
Avg | 0.069 | USD 0.06 | 0.048 | USD 0.07 | 0.015 | USD 0.04 |
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Shirkey, G.; Belongeay, M.; Wu, S.; Ma, X.; Tavakol, H.; Anctil, A.; Marquette-Pyatt, S.; Stewart, R.A.; Sinha, P.; Corkish, R.; et al. An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus. Energies 2021, 14, 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092633
Shirkey G, Belongeay M, Wu S, Ma X, Tavakol H, Anctil A, Marquette-Pyatt S, Stewart RA, Sinha P, Corkish R, et al. An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus. Energies. 2021; 14(9):2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092633
Chicago/Turabian StyleShirkey, Gabriela, Megan Belongeay, Susie Wu, Xiaoguang Ma, Hassan Tavakol, Annick Anctil, Sandra Marquette-Pyatt, Rodney A. Stewart, Parikith Sinha, Richard Corkish, and et al. 2021. "An Environmental and Societal Analysis of the US Electrical Energy Industry Based on the Water–Energy Nexus" Energies 14, no. 9: 2633. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14092633