Development of Roadmap for Photovoltaic Solar Technologies and Market in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Technology;
- -
- Power grids;
- -
- Law;
- -
- Economic conditions;
- -
- Social conditions.
3. Results
3.1. Development of the Photovoltaic Market in Poland
3.2. PV Technology Development Roadmap in Poland
3.2.1. Technology
- -
- PV cells;
- -
- PV modules;
- -
- Components of PV modules and systems;
- -
- Power conversion and monitoring and energy-management systems;
- -
- Batteries and other energy storage systems.
- -
- Adoption of either of advanced cell technologies, i.e., PERC+, HJT or TopCON;
- -
- Highly automated smart fab;
- -
- Efficiency: 22% at first step, 24–25% goal;
- -
- Wafers: single crystalline (preferably n-type), size: M6 first step, M10 final, occasionally M12;
- -
- Wafer thickness: <140 μm;
- -
- Degradation free;
- -
- Advanced metallization schemes and technique (MBB and other techniques).
- -
- Optimized Si bottom cell for high efficiency tandem Perovskite-Silicon cell;
- -
- Polysilicon, crystallization, and wafering.
- -
- Output power: 230–500 Wp, depending on cells type and module size;
- -
- Number of cells: mostly 60, 72, or occasionally doubled for half-cut;
- -
- Module format (cells being imported): mostly standard monofacial glass/foil configuration; occasionally half-cut, shingled or special designs for BIPV.
3.2.2. Power Grids
- -
- Country;
- -
- Local.
3.2.3. Law
- -
- General regulations;
- -
- Prosumers;
- -
- Professional producers of PV energy (businesses);
- -
- Environmental regulations and recycling of modules and batteries.
3.2.4. Economic Conditions
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- Capital investments;
- -
- RES market monitoring;
- -
- Production costs;
- -
- Market development planning.
3.2.5. Social Conditions
- -
- Energy exclusion;
- -
- Education.
4. Discussion
5. Research Limitations and Future Prospects
- -
- Support and direct the development of renewable energies—the aim is to enable, through the use of support mechanisms, a stable increase in the number of PV installations to obtain the potential of min. 15 GW in 2030. The development of PV systems must be oriented in such a way as to enable their connection to the grid and integration with the energy system. In addition, the product-based nature of photovoltaics—for example the provision of grid services—should be further developed through a system of appropriate incentives and thus integrated into the energy market;
- -
- Strive for the integration of photovoltaics and other types of renewable energy into the energy system—the development of photovoltaics and other types of renewable energy is transforming the energy system from the centralized one that still exists to the decentralized one. So far, the network is being built for a centralized system. The growing number of connections of new renewable energy producers with variable production dynamics, who do not operate within the central system, poses new challenges that require adaptation of the distribution system;
- -
- Develop and make available the necessary technology—to achieve rapid progress in activities indicated above, and to reduce conversion costs. This, in turn, requires research and technological development to be undertaken.
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | Cumulative Capacity | Cumulative Count | Average Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[GWp] | y/y [%] | [Thousand pcs.] | y/y Increment [%] | [kWp] | y/y Increment [%] | |
2009 | 0.015 | - | No data | - | - | - |
2010 | 0.096 | 554.1 | 29.9 | - | 3.2 | |
2011 | 0.997 | 943.5 | 235.8 | 687.9 | 4.2 | 32.4 |
2012 | 1.769 | 77.5 | 404.0 | 71.3 | 4.4 | 3.6 |
2013 | 2.888 | 63.2 | 509.9 | 26.2 | 5.7 | 29.3 |
2014 | 5.470 | 89.4 | 651.7 | 27.8 | 8.4 | 48.2 |
2015 | 9.645 | 76.3 | 840.9 | 29.0 | 11.5 | 36.7 |
2016 | 11.798 | 22.3 | 901.5 | 7.2 | 13.1 | 14.1 |
2017 | 12.690 | 7.6 | 937.5 | 4.0 | 13.5 | 3.4 |
2018 | 12.989 | 2.4 | 976.2 | 4.1 | 13.3 | −1.7 |
2019 | 13.263 | 2.1 | 1025.0 | 5.0 | 12.9 | −2.8 |
2020 | 13.435 | 1.3 | 1060.5 | 3.5 | 12.7 | −2.1 |
Q3 2021 | 13.587 | 1.1 | 1103.9 | 4.1 | 12.3 | −2.8 |
Year | Cumulative Capacity | Year | Cumulative Capacity | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MWp] | y/y [%] | [MWp] | y/y [%] | ||
2001 | 21 | - | 2011 | 149 | 65.6 |
2002 | 26 | 23.8 | 2012 | 287 | 92.6 |
2003 | 46 | 76.9 | 2013 | 650 | 126.5 |
2004 | 50 | 8.7 | 2014 | 1007 | 54.9 |
2005 | 51 | 2.0 | 2015 | 1526 | 51.5 |
2006 | 53 | 3.9 | 2016 | 2135 | 39.9 |
2007 | 54 | 1.9 | 2017 | 2911 | 36.3 |
2008 | 59 | 9.3 | 2018 | 4608 | 58.3 |
2009 | 69 | 16.9 | 2019 | 7226 | 56.8 |
2010 | 90 | 30.4 | 2020 | 10,950 | 51.5 |
Year | Cumulative Capacity | Cumulative Count | Average Power | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[MWp] | y/y [%] | [Thousand pcs.] | y/y Increment [%] | [kWp] | y/y Increment [%] | |
2011 | 1.11 | - | No data | - | - | - |
2012 | 1.30 | 17.1 | No data | - | - | - |
2013 | 2.39 | 84.1 | No data | - | - | - |
2014 | 27.15 | 1034.6 | No data | - | - | - |
2015 | 107.78 | 297.0 | No data | - | - | - |
2016 | 187.25 | 73.7 | No data | - | - | - |
2017 | 287.25 | 53.4 | 26.160 | - | 11.0 | - |
2018 | 565.56 | 96.9 | 52.131 | 99.3 | 10.8 | −1.2 |
2019 | 1550.85 | 174.2 | 146.389 | 180.8 | 10.6 | −2.3 |
2020 | 3969.76 | 156.0 | 449.348 | 207.0 | 8.8 | −16.6 |
Q3 2021 | 6304.20 | 58.8 | 701.025 | 56.0 | 9.0 | 1.8 |
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Duda, J.; Kusa, R.; Pietruszko, S.; Smol, M.; Suder, M.; Teneta, J.; Wójtowicz, T.; Żdanowicz, T. Development of Roadmap for Photovoltaic Solar Technologies and Market in Poland. Energies 2022, 15, 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010174
Duda J, Kusa R, Pietruszko S, Smol M, Suder M, Teneta J, Wójtowicz T, Żdanowicz T. Development of Roadmap for Photovoltaic Solar Technologies and Market in Poland. Energies. 2022; 15(1):174. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010174
Chicago/Turabian StyleDuda, Joanna, Rafał Kusa, Stanisław Pietruszko, Marzena Smol, Marcin Suder, Janusz Teneta, Tomasz Wójtowicz, and Tadeusz Żdanowicz. 2022. "Development of Roadmap for Photovoltaic Solar Technologies and Market in Poland" Energies 15, no. 1: 174. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010174