Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Modeling Method
2.1. Model Building
2.2. Multi-Scale Modeling Principle and Equivalent Circuit Model
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Cooling of 54 V Battery Pack under Indirect Cooling
3.2. 54 V Battery Pack Discharging at High Rate under Single-Phase Direct Cooling
3.2.1. 54 V Battery Pack Discharging at High Rate under Air Cooling
3.2.2. 54 V Battery Pack Discharging at High Rate under Fluorinated Liquid Single-Phase Cooling
3.3. 54 V Battery Pack Discharging at High Rate under Fluorinated Fluid Two-Phase Cooling
4. Conclusions
- It is found that under a 2C discharging condition, the maximum temperature of the battery pack can be controlled below 40 °C and the maximum temperature difference can be controlled within 8 °C with indirect cooling, which can achieve the cooling of the battery pack very well. However, when the discharging rate is 10C, the maximum temperature of the battery pack with indirect cooling can exceed 100 °C, and the maximum temperature difference can reach 28 °C. Due to the low thermal conductivity of the battery and the short discharging time at a 10C rate, even enhancing the cooling performance by significantly increasing the heat transfer intensity of the indirect cooling will have little effect. Therefore, it is difficult to cool the battery pack effectively with indirect cooling under the 10C discharging condition.
- For direct cooling, when natural convection of air is used as the cooling method of the battery pack, the maximum temperature of the battery pack can rise to 105 °C and the average temperature is above 75 °C under the 10C discharging condition. Natural convection also makes it difficult to meet the cooling requirement of the battery pack under the 10C discharging condition. In the same situation, the cooling effect of forced air convection is better than that of natural convection. When the inlet flow velocity is 100 m/s, the average temperature of the battery pack is 70 °C. The pressure drop between the inlet and outlet is 12,024.39 Pa, and the power required is 2065 W. Although the air forced convection cooling is somewhat effective, the pump work consumed is larger and the cooling effect obtained is not very satisfactory.
- When fluorinated fluid single-phase forced convection is selected as the cooling method for the battery pack under a 10C discharging rate, the maximum temperature of the battery pack can be controlled up to 65 °C, and the average temperature can be controlled up to about 45 °C. The pressure drop between the inlet and outlet is about 20 Pa, and the power required is of small magnitude. In addition, when two different fluorinated fluids, FC-72 and HFE-7100, are used as the coolant for single-phase direct cooling, the difference in cooling effect is very small. The fluorinated fluid single-phase forced convection cooling has a significant advantage over air forced convection cooling. Further, the influences of flow velocity and cell spacing on the cooling effect were investigated for fluorinated fluid single-phase forced convection. The study found that increasing the flow velocity could lower the temperature of the battery pack to a certain extent and improve the temperature uniformity of the battery pack. For the same flow velocity, reducing the cell spacing in the battery pack can achieve a better cooling effect.
- Finally, a preliminary numerical simulation study on a new cooling method, fluorinated liquid immersion cooling, is made. It is found that it can help to reduce the average temperature and maximum temperature of the battery, and can control the maximum temperature of the battery pack below 35 °C under a 10C discharging rate, and also can effectively reduce the temperature difference in the battery pack. This is a promising cooling method for lithium-ion battery cooling.
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Cell length | 205.5 mm |
Cell width | 156.0 mm |
Cell thickness | 7.1 mm |
Nominal voltage | 3.3 V |
Nominal capacity | 20 Ah |
Materials | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Cell domain | 1871.7 | 678 | - | - |
Aluminum | 2719 | 871 | 202.4 | - |
Cooper | 8978 | 381 | 387.6 | - |
Air | 1.225 | 1006.43 | 0.0242 | 1.79 × 10−5 |
FC-72 | 1602.2 | 1101 | 0.054 | 4.33 × 10−4 |
HFE-7100 | 1370.2 | 1255 | 0.062 | 3.7 × 10−4 |
Method | 0.01 m/s | 0.02 m/s | 0.05 m/s | 0.1 m/s |
---|---|---|---|---|
FC-72 | 0.33 Pa | 1.03 Pa | 5.47 Pa | 20.76 Pa |
HFE-7100 | 0.28 Pa | 0.88 Pa | 4.68 Pa | 17.85 Pa |
Method | 0.01 m/s | 0.02 m/s | 0.05 m/s | 0.1 m/s |
---|---|---|---|---|
FC-72 | 45.43 °C | 37.72 °C | 30.67 °C | 27.80 °C |
HFE-7100 | 46.23 °C | 38.24 °C | 30.90 °C | 27.88 °C |
Cell Spacing | 2 mm | 4 mm | 6 mm |
---|---|---|---|
Pressure difference (Pa) | 18.07 | 17.85 | 15.80 |
Average fluid outlet temperature (°C) | 28.21 | 27.88 | 27.80 |
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Li, Y.; Zhou, Z.; Su, L.; Bai, M.; Gao, L.; Li, Y.; Liu, X.; Li, Y.; Song, Y. Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack. Energies 2022, 15, 4581. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134581
Li Y, Zhou Z, Su L, Bai M, Gao L, Li Y, Liu X, Li Y, Song Y. Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack. Energies. 2022; 15(13):4581. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134581
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Yulong, Zhifu Zhou, Laisuo Su, Minli Bai, Linsong Gao, Yang Li, Xuanyu Liu, Yubai Li, and Yongchen Song. 2022. "Numerical Simulations for Indirect and Direct Cooling of 54 V LiFePO4 Battery Pack" Energies 15, no. 13: 4581. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15134581